对外汉语教学视角下“灾难”和“灾害”的对比所究

发布时间：2018-03-04 16:28

本文选题：“灾难”　切入点：“灾害”　出处：《华中师范大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：“灾难”和“灾害”是一对具有相同语素的近义名词,用法、意义非常相近,汉语母语者在使用过程中经常有混用的情况,而留学生更是难以区分清楚它们之间的差异,因此有必要对这组词进行对比辨析。前人关于“灾难”和“灾害”的探究多止于字、词典讨论,至今没有进行语义偏重、词语搭配、语料库语料的深入分析研究。因此,本文在利用语料库语料的基础上,分析“灾难”和“灾害”的语义偏重和词语前后搭配情况。本文的研究试图实现以下目标:a.可以帮助汉语母语者更清晰地了解“灾难”和“灾害”这两个词的具体差异,提高这两个词使用的准确度。b.更重要的是,我们可以把对“灾难”和“灾害”的本体研究的成果应用到对外汉语教学中,帮助留学生准确掌握这两个词的用法,减少他们出现的偏误。c.本文也对其他学科如人类学的相关概念的明晰也有一定的帮助。人类学在“灾难”和“灾害”这两个词的使用上也存在混用的情形。本文的研究步骤如下:本文首先整理出“灾难”和“灾害”在大陆和台湾的几本权威词典中的词义,探究词义之异同,总结出它们最准确的含义,然后再根据语料库(北京大学网络语料库及sketch engine中文语料库)中“灾难”和“灾害”的语料分析它们各自的语义偏重。接着进一步描述及分析“灾难”与“灾害”前后搭配词在语料库中的分布情形,包括高频搭配、词类性质及具体语义分类等。具体来说,在搭配词考察部分,首先对“灾难”和“灾害”的前后搭配词频率进行统计及分析,然后进一步对它们前后搭配词的词性进行归类,在最后集中对“灾难”和“灾害”的前后搭配词中的名词、动词、形容词进行详细的语义分类考察,以更有助于理清这两个词的语义角色,,详细展示它们前后搭配词异同。另外本文还以问卷的形式探讨外国留学生对“灾难”和“灾害”的习得及偏误状况,并与汉语母语者的调查结果进行对比。在最后部分本文基于前文的分析及所得出的结论对留学生学习“灾难”与“灾害”提出了一些有针对性的教学策略与建议。本文通过对“灾难”和“灾害”的详细的对比研究,得出了如下结论:1. “灾难”和“灾害”两者的语义侧重点存在较大差异。它们都可以指造成的严重危害,给人们带来不幸的、自然或人为的祸害,但“灾害”偏重于自然界的一些祸害,“灾难”则偏重于人类行为导致的巨大损失和痛苦。2. “灾难”和“灾害”高频前置搭配词差异较大。“灾害”的前置搭配词中前五名皆是名词,都表示灾害的种类,“地质灾害”频次最高,而“灾难”频次最高的是助词“的”。3. “灾难”与“灾害”前后搭配词的语义类型相近,但也有很多细微的不同之处,而且对于搭配词项的的选择也各有不同。4.外国留学生对“灾难”和“灾害”确有混淆状况,但他们对“灾害”用法的掌握比“灾难”更好,对“灾难”和“灾害”常用搭配词的掌握能力也远不如汉语母语者。5.在对外汉语课堂中帮助留学生学习“灾难”和“灾害”时最好分阶段教学,综合运用多种教学方法,特别是要利用好工具书和语料库,辅助提高教学效果。
[Abstract]:"Disaster" and "disaster" is to have the same morpheme synonymous nouns, usage, significance is very similar to that of Chinese native speakers are often mixed in the use process, and students are more difficult to distinguish the differences between them, so it is necessary to compare and analyze the previous research on this group of words. "Disaster" and "disaster" ends in the word dictionary, discussion, has no semantic emphasis, collocation, in-depth analysis of corpus data. Therefore, this paper based on corpus data on semantic analysis before and after the "disaster" and "disaster" emphasis and collocation. This paper try to to achieve the following objectives: A. can help Chinese speakers understand more clearly the difference between the two words of disaster "and" disaster ", to improve the accuracy of the.B. of the two words is more important, we can The results of the application of ontology research of "disaster" and "disaster" to foreign language teaching, help students grasp these two words, they reduce the errors of.C. the related concepts of other disciplines such as anthropology clearly has some help. There are also mixed case of anthropology in the use of these two words disaster "and" disaster ". The research steps of this paper are as follows: firstly, sorting out the" disaster "and" disaster "in the mainland and Taiwan several authoritative dictionaries in the meaning of the word meaning, to explore the similarities and differences, summed up their most accurate meaning, then according to the corpus (Peking University network engine Chinese corpus and sketch corpus) in" disaster "and" disaster "corpus analysis of their semantic emphasis. Then further description and analysis before and after the" disaster "and" disaster "match The distribution of words in the corpus, including high frequency collocation, lexical category specific semantic properties and classification. Specifically, in the collocation study before and after the first part of "disaster" and "disaster" collocation word frequency statistics and analysis, and then further on their front and matching parts of speech are classified, the verb in the final before and after the concentration of "disaster" and "disaster" collocation noun, adjective word, semantic classification detailed investigation, to help clarify the semantic roles of these two words, showing the details of their front and collocation similarities and differences. In addition, in the form of a questionnaire to investigate foreign students to the "disaster" and "disaster" acquisition and error conditions, and investigation and Chinese native speakers were compared. In the last part of this paper analysis and conclusions based on the students "disaster" and "disaster And puts forward some corresponding teaching strategies and suggestions. Through the contrastive study on the "disaster" and "disaster", reached the following conclusion: there are significant differences between the 1. semantic focus of "disaster" and "disaster". They can refer to serious harm, bring people unfortunately, natural or man-made calamities, some evil but "disaster" on nature, "disaster" will focus on human behavior caused tremendous damage and suffering.2. "disaster" and "disaster" high frequency collocation differences. "The pre disaster" in the top five pre collocation words are nouns all kinds of disasters, said, "geological disasters" and "disaster" of the highest frequency, the highest frequency is before and after "de".3. "disaster" and "disaster" semantic types of collocation are similar, but there are also many different subtle Place, but also for the selection of the lexical entry collocation of different.4. foreign students to the "disaster" and "disaster" is confused, but their usage on the "disaster" master "disaster" better than the "disaster" and "disaster" common collocation ability is far better than the Chinese mother tongue.5. help to learn the "disaster" and "disaster" students in the foreign language classroom in the best stage teaching, comprehensive use of various teaching methods, especially to make good use of reference books and auxiliary corpus, improve the teaching effect.

【学位授予单位】：华中师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：H195

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