言语交际过程中的自我监控问题研究

发布时间：2018-05-19 04:43

  本文选题：言语自我监控 + 间断语流　； 参考：《吉林大学》2017年博士论文

【摘要】：言语自我监控是言语产出研究中的一个重要课题。对言语交际过程中的自我监控问题的研究,不仅对了解人类语言产出系统的真实面目具有重要的理论意义,而且对帮助会话者提高言语输出质量,成功实现交际意图具有重要的实践意义。目前国内学界有关言语自我监控的研究还刚刚起步,理论介绍居多,实证研究较少,全面、深入地研究汉语自然言语中的自我监控问题则更为鲜见。本文在借鉴认知心理学和心理语言学相关研究的基础上,立足于作者自建的小型语料库的真实语料,以日常言语交际中出现的间断语流现象为切入点,探讨汉语自然言语产出中的自我监控问题。自然言语的在线加工性质决定了人们在日常交际中的口语产出远非完美,而是会经常出现或大或小的言语失误。幸运的是,在多数情况下发话人能够不经受话人提醒就意识到自己的失误并做出相应的调整。这种现象证明在言语产出过程中发话人有能力监控自己的言语认知活动。言语自我监控机制的存在使发话人能够自发利用言语理解和产出系统来有效地核查、校验和调整自己的言语产出,从而最大限度的保证其言语输出的质量。当发话人监察到自己的言语失误,并且决定对其进行言语调控时,内在的自我监控过程可以外显为各种不同的间断语流形式,包括打断、填充暂停、无填充暂停、重复、替换、插入和重启等。上述间断语流现象因而成为我们窥视言语自我监控的窗口,为我们考察内在的言语自我监控过程提供了可行的研究路径。沿着这样的思路,我们以120名不同层次(性别、年龄、受教育程度)的汉语普通话使用者为语料采集对象,采用质化和量化相结合的研究方法,对其在不同交流方式(面对面/电话)下出现的间断语流现象作系统描述和分析,在此基础上尝试对言语交际中的自我监控行为加以解释。我们的讨论和分析主要包括以下内容:第一,言语交际过程中的自我监控,就其属性而言,是人类元认知监控能力的一部分,因而具有元认知特征。从本质上说,元认知就是认知主体对自身认知活动的计划、监察、评价和调节;元认知监控分为监察和调控两个阶段,认知主体在这一过程中监察自己的认知活动并实施自我调节和控制。而在言语产出过程中,从发话人发现言语失误后暂停语流,到对语误实施修正,整个过程完全符合元认知自我监察和自我调控的特征。因此,我们有理由认为言语交际过程中的自我监控是发话人对其言语认知活动进行自我监察和自我调控的元认知体验过程。第二,从言语自我监控的过程来看,发话人对自己言语产出的监控应该经过自我监察和自我调控两个阶段。言语产出过程中,发话人通过大脑中的言语自我监控机制来监察其言语输出并依据监察结果做出相应的调整。也就是说,我们的言语自我监控机制主要有两个功能:一是将当前言语状态与理想言语状态作对比;二是发出调整的指令,言语运动机能会依据大脑提供的反馈信息采取行动,解决监察到的言语问题。这两种功能分别对应于言语自我监控过程中的自我监察和自我调控两阶段。第三,在言语自我监控的第一阶段,语流暂停是发话人自我监察能力处于激活状态的征兆。不同的语流暂停点代表了不同的自我监控激活位。就显性监控而言,发话人的自我监察激活等级按照由高到低的次序依次为:词内暂停词后立即暂停词后延迟暂停。阻碍源性质会对语流暂停点分布产生影响。发话人的言语自我监控机制对自己言语产出中的错误更为敏感,言语错误往往在产出过程中就被监察到,导致语流暂停发生在语误词片段处。相比之下,言语不当类阻碍源的语流暂停点则普遍靠后。言语错误类阻碍源的长度对语流暂停点分布也会产生影响。随着阻碍源音节数目的增加,词内暂停的数量呈现上升趋势。填充暂停的分布特征和无填充暂停的时长会受到言语调控任务复杂性的影响。暂停在言语自我监控过程中起着重要的提示作用。一方面,无论是填充暂停还是无填充暂停都反映出发话人对言语失误的自我感知;另一方面,整个暂停过程——从语流中止到恢复——向受话人传达了发话人想要进行言语调整的意图,以及其想保住语轮、争取时间重新计划言语等信息。第四,在言语自我监控的第二阶段,发话人会对不符合其交际意图的信息进行自我调节。重复、替换、插入和重启是发话人进行言语自我调控的显性表现。自我重复因无法观察到调控对象(即阻碍源)故属于隐性调控;而替换、插入、重启则属于显性调控。自我重复是发话人为了解决言语产出问题而普遍采用的一种认知策略。在形式分布上,一词重复双词重复多词重复,体现了语言的经济原则。待重复项的发音时值明显高于该词项在流畅话语中的时值,反映了自我重复的延迟功能;重复项发音时长则略短于其在流畅话语中的时值,是自我重复语流恢复功能的体现。替换是发话人进行显性自我调控的主要方式。发话人在进行替换时往往遵循词同原则,并竭力保存句子结构的完整性。从替换的倒回轨迹来看,最常见的类型是伴随重复的替换现象。从言语互动的角度看,发话人倾向于采用伴随重复的替换,一方面是因为重复前述话语中某些没有失误的前言后语可以为发话人争取到相对多的时间调整自己的言语计划;另一方面则是缘于这种做法可以向受话人提供将替换项与前述话语联系起来的线索,帮助受话人解决话语的连续问题。除了替换策略,显性调控策略还包含插入。在形式结构上,插入项可以是词、短语、小句、复句或是句群。从插入的话语调节功能上看,发话人通过插入策略的使用可以调整前述话语的命题内容,进行信息补偿;也可以发挥缓和面子威胁和拉近交际双方心理距离的社交功能;还可以调节话语节奏,起到填补交际空白和保留话头的作用。在线言语产出过程中,发话人总是在试图寻找最佳的表达形式来传递自己的交际意图,哪怕是重启也在所不惜。重启往往会导致句法结构的变化,这表明在自然言语产出过程中,句法模式并不总是预先制定好的。相反,在言语交际过程中,发话人会不断试图调整话语结构,以期将最适宜的话语形式与自己的交际意图相连接。第五,从言语自我监控的影响因素来看,我们发现,性别、年龄、教育程度和交流方式会对发话人的自我监控行为产生一定的影响。在性别方面,男女两性在调控策略的选择上各自具有一定的倾向性。男性将注意力更多地投放到隐形监控上,通过自我重复对自己的内部言语进行调整;而女性发话人则更关注表达方式的适切性,通过使用更多的恰当调控策略来调整自己的话语。究其原因,男女两性在大脑结构上的差异以及男女两性自身的心理特征对言语自我监控都会产生一定的影响。年龄方面,发话人的言语自我监控能力随着年龄的增长而逐渐衰退。老年组发话人的词后及时监控率显著低于中年组和青年组的发话人;相对于中年组和青年组,老年组倾向于采用更多的重复和重启策略来调整他们的话语。老年人认知能力的下降导致了其言语自我监控能力的衰退。教育程度方面,低教育组发话人进行了更多的错误纠正;高教育组则倾向于对自己的言语做出更多的恰当调整。上述差异表明教育因素会对发话人的语言运用心理产生影响。另外,我们还发现交流方式对于发话人的言语自我调控有影响。由于电话交谈时,交际双方只能听见彼此声音,看不见对方的表情、姿态、动作,因而缺少面对面交流时的副语言暗示。为了达到交际目的,相对于面对面交流,发话人会在电话交流时采取更多的言语调控策略来弥补这一缺陷。通过对上述影响因素的描述与分析,我们可以更清晰地看到言语自我监控的全貌。综上所述,本文将“自我监控”这一认知心理学概念引入到了自然言语交际领域,通过实证研究呈现了言语自我监控不同阶段的外在表现,重新界定了包括语流暂停点、填充暂停、无填充暂停、重复、替换、插入和重启在内的间断语流现象在言语自我监控中的作用,并且考察了相关变量对发话人言语自我监控行为产生的影响,揭示了言语自我监控的属性以及元认知对言语认知行为的动态监控特征。我们希望上述研究结果能够为更深层次地研究言语自我监控机制提供新视角,为推动国内自然言语研究开辟新思路。
[Abstract]:Self monitoring of speech is an important subject in the study of speech output. The study of self monitoring in the process of verbal communication is of great theoretical significance not only to the understanding of the true face of the human language output system, but also for helping the conversational people to improve the quality of speech output and the successful realization of the communicative intention. At present, the research on speech self monitoring in the domestic academic circles is just beginning, the introduction of the theory is mostly, the empirical research is less, and the study of self monitoring in the natural language of Chinese is more rare. Based on the study of cognitive psychology and psycholinguistics, this paper is based on the small corpus of the author. The real corpus of the library, based on the discontinuous flow phenomenon in the daily verbal communication, explores the problem of self monitoring in the natural speech output of Chinese. The online processing nature of natural speech determines that the oral output of people in daily communication is far from perfect, but often appears or is large or small. In most cases, the speaker is able to realize his own mistakes and make a corresponding adjustment without being reminded by the speaker. This phenomenon proves that the speaker has the ability to monitor their speech cognitive activities in the process of speech production. The existence of speech self monitoring mechanism enables the speaker to use the speech understanding and output system spontaneously to effectively use the speech understanding and output system. Verification, verification, and adjustment of their speech output to maximize the quality of their speech output. When the speaker monitors his speech error and determines its speech control, the internal self monitoring process can be displayed in various forms of interruption, including interruption, pause, and pause, Repeating, replacing, inserting, and restarting. The above flow phenomenon has thus become a window for us to spy on the speech self. It provides a feasible research path for us to examine the internal speech self monitoring process. Along this way, we use 120 Mandarin speakers of different levels (gender, age, education) for the Chinese speakers of Mandarin. On the basis of a systematic description and analysis of the discontinuous flow phenomena appearing under different communication modes (face-to-face / telephone), the object of corpus collection is systematically described and analyzed by the method of qualitative and quantitative analysis. Self monitoring in the process of communication is a part of the ability of human metacognitive monitoring, so it has metacognitive characteristics. In essence, metacognition is the plan, supervision, evaluation and regulation of the cognitive subject to its own cognitive activities; metacognitive monitoring is divided into two stages of supervision and regulation, and the cognitive subject is in this process. In the process of speech output, the whole process is fully conformed to the characteristics of metacognitive self supervision and self-regulation in the process of speech output, and the whole process is completely consistent with the characteristics of metacognitive self supervision and self-regulation. The speaker carries out the metacognitive experience process of self monitoring and self-regulation of its speech cognitive activities. Second, from the process of self monitoring of speech, the speaker's monitoring of their speech output should undergo the two stages of self supervision and self-regulation. In the process of speech output, the speaker passes through the speech self monitoring mechanism in the brain. To monitor the speech output and make the corresponding adjustment according to the monitoring results, that is to say, our speech self monitoring mechanism has two main functions: one is the comparison of the current speech state and the ideal speech state; the two is the adjustment instruction, the speech motion function will take action according to the feedback information provided by the brain to solve the supervision. The two functions correspond to the two stages of self monitoring and self-regulation in the process of self monitoring of speech. Third. In the first stage of speech self monitoring, the suspension of language flow is a sign of the activation state of the speaker's self monitoring ability. Different flow temporary stops represent different self monitoring activation positions. As far as dominant monitoring is concerned, the speaker's self monitoring activation rank is in sequence in order from high to low: pause words immediately after the word pause and delay the suspension immediately after the word pause. The property of the source will affect the pause point distribution of the language flow. The speaker's speech self monitoring mechanism is more sensitive to the errors in the speech output, and the speech error often occurs. In the process of output, it is monitored, resulting in the occurrence of flow pause at the error word segment. In contrast, the flow pause point of the source is generally backward. The length of the language error class hinders the source's length to the pause point distribution. As the number of source syllables increases, the number of pause in words is rising. Trends. The distribution characteristics of pause pause and the length of the unfilled pause will be influenced by the complexity of the speech control task. The pause plays an important role in the process of speech self monitoring. On the one hand, both the pause and the unfilled pause reflect the self perception of the speaker's error in the speech; on the other hand, the whole time is temporary. The stop process - from the flow of the stream to the recovery - to the speaker's intention to make a speech adjustment, and its intention to preserve the language, and strive for time to replan the message. Fourth, in the second phase of the self monitoring of speech, the speaker will self regulate, repeat, replace the information that does not conform to the communicative intention. Insertion and reopening are the dominant expression of the speaker's self regulation of speech. Self repetition is a recessive regulation because it cannot observe the regulatory object (that is, the source of obstacles); and substitution, insertion and reopening are dominant controls. Self repetition is a cognitive strategy commonly used by the speaker to solve the problem of speech output. A word repetition of double words repeats multiple words, reflecting the economic principle of language. The time value of the repetition of the word is obviously higher than the time value of the word in the fluent discourse, reflecting the delay function of the self repetition; the repetition of the term is shorter than the time value in the fluent discourse. It is the embodiment of the recovery function of the self repeated language. The speaker takes the main way of dominant self regulation. The speaker often follows the word and the principle in the replacement, and tries to preserve the integrity of the sentence structure. From the reversal track, the most common type is the repetition of the substitution phenomenon. From the point of view of speech interaction, the speaker tends to adopt the replacement of the adjoint repetition. On the other hand, the repetition of some unmade preface in the preceding discourse can provide the speaker with a relatively large amount of time to adjust his own speech plan; on the other hand, it can provide the recipient with a clue to connect the replacement and the forewords, and help the recipient to solve the continuous problem of the discourse. In the form structure, the insert item can be a word, a phrase, a clause, a complex sentence or a sentence group. In terms of the function of the inserted discourse adjustment, the speaker can adjust the propositional content of the foreword through the use of the insertion strategy, make the information compensation, and can also play the palliative face threat and draw close. The social function of the psychological distance of the two parties can also regulate the rhythm of the discourse, which plays the role of filling the gap of communication and retaining the head. In the process of online speech output, the speaker is always trying to find the best form of expression to convey his communicative intention, even if it is restarted. This shows that in the process of natural speech production, the syntactic pattern is not always predefined. On the contrary, in the process of verbal communication, the speaker will constantly try to adjust the structure of the discourse to connect the most suitable form of discourse to his own communicative intention. Fifth, from the influence factors of the self monitoring of the language, we find that sex, Age, educational level and communication mode have a certain influence on the self monitoring behavior of the speaker. In gender, men and women have a certain tendency in the choice of control strategies. Men put their attention more on stealth monitoring, and adjust their own internal language through self repetition; and female hair. The speaker pays more attention to the appropriateness of the expression way and adjusts his speech by using more appropriate control strategies. The reason is that the difference in the brain structure between men and women and the psychological characteristics of men and women have a certain influence on the self monitoring of speech. In the elderly group, the timely monitoring rate was significantly lower than that of the middle-aged group and the young group, and the elderly group was inclined to use more repetition and restarting strategies to adjust their discourse. The decline of cognitive ability of the elderly led to the ability to monitor the speech self. In terms of educational level, the degree of education, the speaker of the low education group made more error correction, and the high education group tended to make more appropriate adjustments to their speech. The above differences showed that the educational factors would affect the language use psychology of the speaker. In addition, we also sent the communication method to the speaker's speech self adjustment. Control has an impact. Due to the telephone conversation, the two parties can only hear each other's voice, do not see each other's expressions, gestures, and movements, and therefore lack the paralanguage hints in face-to-face communication. In order to achieve communicative purposes, the speaker takes more speech control strategies to make up for this defect relative to face-to-face communication. Through the description and analysis of the above factors, we can see more clearly the full picture of the self monitoring of speech. In summary, this paper introduces the concept of "self monitoring", a cognitive psychology concept into the field of natural speech communication, and presents the external manifestations of the different stages of speech self monitoring through empirical research, and redefines the inclusion of the external performance of the speech self monitoring and control. Flow pause, pause, pause, pause, repetition, replacement, insertion and reopening are the role of the phenomenon of speech self monitoring, and the effects of related variables on the speaker's self monitoring behavior are examined, and the attributes of speech self monitoring and the dynamic supervision of metacognition to speech cognitive behavior are revealed. We hope that the above results can provide a new perspective for a deeper study of the mechanism of self monitoring of speech, and open up a new way of thinking for the study of natural speech in China.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：H136
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本文编号：1908785