基于语料库的汉语近义情态副词语义功能对比研究

发布时间：2018-05-26 13:44

本文选题：情态副词 + 语义功能　；参考：《贵州师范大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：本文在已有研究的基础之上,运用功能语法理论,同时借鉴认知语法理论、系统功能语法、语料库语言学等理论方法,对揣测类情态副词“也许”“大概”、强调类情态副词“的确”“实在”、反诘类情态副词“何必”“何苦”、“莫非”“难道”的主观量、真值度、语义背景、句类选择、语气选择、语用条件等方面做出力所能及的解释。除引言和结论外,全文共四章。引言部分介绍了本文的选题意义、研究现状、研究内容、研究方法以及语料来源。第一章主要对揣测类情态副词“也许”“大概”的主观量和真值度进行了描写,以大量真实语料为基础,分析比较出二者在主观量和真值度方面的差异。通过分析语料我们发现,在出现“大概”一词的句子中,“大概”的前后会出现表现客观依据的句子,而出现“也许”的句子中,“也许”前后通常会出现心理动词;“大概”的虚化程度不如“也许”彻底;“也许”跟第一人称搭配的频率高于“大概”,以上三点说明“大概”的主观量低于“也许”。“大概”所表示的结果的真值度更趋向于真实情况,而“也许”所表示的结果没有明显的倾向性;从二者形成之初的组合方式来看,“大概”在语法化指出就已经带有倾向性,而“也许”则没有;“也许”与“大概”相比更能够体现说话人的委婉语气;从二者的共现顺序来看,“大概”放在“也许”之前可以加深句子的语气和真值度,以上四点说明“大概”的真值度高于“也许”。第二章主要对强调类情态副词“的确”“实在”的句法环境、语义背景和语气进行了描写,以大量真实语料为基础,分析比较出二者在这三方面的差异。通过分析语料我们发现,在句法环境上,“的确”可以单独使用,在句中可以灵活位移,可以出现在是非问句中,而“实在”不可;二者都可以出现在转折复句中但在句中的位置不同。在语义背景上二者出现的语义背景并不完全相同,“的确”的语义结构类型我们概括为五种:A1,的确B1;A1,的确B1,但是C1;A1,的确B1,的确C2;A2,的确B2;A1,的确B3。“实在”的语义结构类型我们概括为三种:A1,实在B1;A2,可是/但是(转折连词)实在B2;A1,实在B1,所以(因果连词)C1。在语气上,“的确”侧重于[确认],“实在”侧重于[强调],除此之外“的确”还可以表示委婉的语气,“实在”还可以传达表示退而求其次以及表示几经努力达到极点的语气。第三章主要对反诘类情态副词“何必”“何苦”的句法、语义、语用使用情况进行了描写,以大量真实语料为依据,分析比较出二者在这三方面的差异。通过分析语料我们发现,语义上,“何必”的语义特征为[+规劝][+谴责],“何苦”的语义特征为[+规劝][+同情][+不值得]。句法上,二者差异主要表现在与语气词和形式动词的搭配上,”何必”可以跟形式动词搭配,而”何苦”则不具备这种用法,究其原因,主要跟二者产生之初”何必”结构中”必”的词性以及搭配原则有关,”必”的用法在”何必”凝固成词之后遗留在整个词的用法中;可以跟“何苦”搭配使用的语气词有呢、啊、呐、哩,一些语气成分也可以与“何苦”搭配使用,如“来”及其变体,其中与“呢”搭配的频率最高。这说明“何苦”的感情色彩更丰富;而”何必”只能跟“呢”搭配使用这说明“何必”感情色彩单一,语气更为更生硬。造成这种情况的原因是因为二者移情值不同。语用上,二者都具有增强句子语气的功能,主要体现在反诘语气和委婉语气上,其中,我们认为反诘语气和委婉语气成负相关,“何苦”的的委婉程度高于“何必”,“何必”的反诘程度高于“何苦”;在移情值高低上二者存在差异,”何苦”主观移情值高于”何必”,这主要是从二者后面经常出现的语境来判定。第四章主要对反诘类情态副词“莫非”“难道”的语用条件进行了描写,以大量真实语料为基础,分析比较出二者在语用条件上的差异。通过分析语料我们发现,表反诘时,二者都会出现在前句有表情感词汇、后句内容不合理的句子中,但在标志词、答语、转折句中以及与“不成”搭配方面存在差异;表揣测时,二者都会出现在前有心理活动词汇、前句提出疑问、句子表述不完整等条件下,但是在前句表非正常状态、前句提出依据等条件上存在差异。结语部分概括全文内容并指出文章不足之处。
[Abstract]:On the basis of the existing research, this paper uses the theory of functional grammar and the theoretical methods of cognitive grammar, systemic functional grammar and corpus linguistics to speculate on the "perhaps" of the kind of modal adverbs, emphasizing the "true" of the modal adverb "why" "why" is "why" and "Mo Fei". The subjective quantity, the true value, the semantic background, the semantic background, the sentence class selection, the mood selection, the pragmatic conditions and so on. In addition to the introduction and the conclusion, the full text is four chapters. The introduction introduces the significance of the topic, the present situation, the research content, the research method and the source of the corpus. The subjective and true value of the word "perhaps" is described. Based on a large number of real corpus, the differences between the subjective and true values of the two are analyzed and compared. Through the analysis of the corpus, we find that in the sentence "about", "about", there will be an objective basis before and after the "approximate". In the "maybe" sentence, psychological verbs usually appear before and after "maybe"; "probably" is less than "perhaps" completely; "maybe" with the first person is higher than "probably", and the above three points indicate that the subjective amount of "probably" is lower than "maybe". "Probably" the true value of the result is more likely to be. In fact, the result of "perhaps" has no obvious tendency; from the combination of the first two forms of formation, "probably" in grammaticalization is already tendencies, and "maybe" is not; "maybe" is more capable of expressing the euphemism of the speaker than "probably"; from the concurrence order of the two. "Probably" can deepen the tone and true value of the sentence before "perhaps". The above four points show that the true value of "probably" is higher than "perhaps". The second chapter mainly describes the syntactic environment, semantic background and mood of the emphasis on the modal adverb "true" "real", and based on a large number of real corpus, analysis and comparison The difference between the two in these three aspects. Through the analysis of the corpus we find that in the syntactical environment, "indeed" can be used separately, in the sentence can be flexibly displaced, can appear in the non question, and "real" can not; the two can appear in the turning complex sentence but in the position of the difference in the semantic background of the two meaning of the semantic. The background is not exactly the same, and the semantic structure type of "true" is summed up as five kinds: A1, indeed B1; A1, indeed B1, but C1; A1, B1, indeed C2; A2, B2; A1, indeed, we generalize three kinds of semantic structure; In tone, "indeed" focuses on [confirmation], and "reality" focuses on [emphasis]. In addition, "indeed" can also express euphemism, and "reality" can also convey the tone of the second and the effort to reach the extreme. The third chapter is mainly the syntactic of "why" "why" "why" On the basis of a large number of real corpus, the author analyzes and compares the differences between the two in these three aspects. Through the analysis of the corpus, we find that the semantic features of "he must" are "+ exhortation] [+ condemnation], and the semantic feature of" why "is [+ exhortation] [+ sympathy] [+ unworthy]. The main difference between the two forms is syntactically. Now with the modal verb and the form verb collocation, "he must" can be collocated with the form verb, but "Ho Chi" does not have this use. The reason is mainly related to the "must" in the structure of "he must" in the beginning of the two, and the principle of collocation. In the use of the use of the word, can be used with "how bitter" to use the mood words, ah, Na, Li, some mood components can also be used with "how bitter", such as "come" and its variant, which is the highest frequency of collocation with "Ho". The cause of this situation is because the two people have different empathy values. Pragmatically, the two all have the function of enhancing the sentence tone, which are mainly reflected in the rhetorical mood and euphemistic mood, and we think that the rhetorical and euphemistic mood are negatively related, and the euphemism of "why" is "why" The degree of "why" is higher than "why" is higher than "why"; there are two differences in the level of empathy, and the subjective empathy value of "he bitter" is higher than "why", which is mainly determined by the context that often appears behind the two parties. The fourth chapter mainly describes the pragmatic conditions of the "Mo" "Mo" "Mo" "" On the basis of a large number of authentic materials, the differences between the two are analyzed and compared. Through the analysis of the corpus, we find that the two will appear in the previous sentence with an emotional vocabulary, and the latter is not reasonable in the content, but there are differences in the sign words, the answers, the turning sentences and the "no" collocation. At the time, the two will appear in the previous psychological activity vocabulary, the former sentence questions, the sentence is incomplete and other conditions, but the former sentence is not normal state, the former sentence is based on the conditions of the difference. Conclusion part summarizes the full text and points out the shortcomings of the article.
【学位授予单位】：贵州师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：H146.3;H136

【参考文献】