“句法—语义”接口中词汇与句法互动制约研究

发布时间：2018-06-19 03:28

本文选题：“句法—语义”接口 + 句法　；参考：《南京师范大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：世界范围内的自然语言处理,经过字处理、词处理阶段之后先后进入句处理阶段。在自然语言句处理的大背景下,无论是基于规则还是基于统计的策略,都面临“句法—语义”接口(或界面)问题。“句法—语义”接口的核心问题是如何处理词汇与句法的关系。本文以层级性的接口模式理论为指导,以现代汉语一价、二价、三价三种价类动词的典型词元为研究对象,基于标注语料库,从词汇对句法的制约以及句法对词汇的反制约两个维度探讨了词汇与句法的互动关系,揭示了接口中词汇与句法的互动制约机制。本文的研究为汉语学界的接口研究提供了新的视角,对丰富句法语义学理论和语言信息处理也有重要价值。首先,在词汇语义层面,筛选并确定一价、二价和三价动词的典型词元(18个),基于《词汇义征标记集》(2689个),对筛选出的三种不同价类的词元进行词汇义征分析,形成了不同价类动词义场的义征分析序列模式。在句法语义层面,基于《句法范畴义征标记集》(76个),分析了不同价类动词在接口中所关涉的角色范畴类型和范畴义征。其次,在词汇语义和句法语义分析的基础上,基于三种不同价类动词义场,首先考察了词汇语义对句法的制约作用,结论认为“句法—语义”接口中,动词的词汇语义都会发挥底层制约作用,具体表现为动词的词汇语义特点制约了组合对象的选择;制约了组合框架的数量和框架类型;制约了语义角色句法实现的位置等。具体言之,第一,词汇单位的角色实现,除了受到角色范畴义征的制约之外,也要受到词汇语义的限制。一方面,在“词汇单位—语义角色”衔接中,词汇语义始终处于基础位置,制约了语义子场范畴义征的类型和特点;另一方面,词元的组合对象选择以及在句法结构中充当何种角色,仍然受制于词汇语义的义类特点。第二,词汇语义对组合框架的制约强调所形成的框架模式的差异,主要表现在三个方面:一是动词的词汇语义特点制约组合框架的类型,三个价类动词需要同现的基本成分数量是不同的,形成的组合框架也不同,如一价动词形成10大类142种具体框架模式,二价动词形成40大类224种具体框架模式,三价动词形成123大类224种具体框架模式。二是对于同价类或同一义场的动词而言,对名词性配价成分需求的强制性程度不同,从而形成不同类型的组合框架;三是影响了对外层角色的类型和使用频度,尤其是在动词的词汇义征序列模式中存在的外层角色,出现频度相对较高。第三,相同语义角色在投射句法位置的优先选择序列差异,也是由词汇语义的具体差异而导致的,而每一个角色范畴都存在一个句法实现的原型位置,任何角色的句法实现都是优先选择其原型位置。再次,探讨了句法结构对词汇的反制约,主要体现为句法结构对能进入组层面的词汇单位的需求限制和句法结构引发进入组合层面的词汇单位的语义凸显与变化两个方面。具体表现为:第一,当若干词汇单位组合形成句法结构时,句法范畴义征会对试图进入句法结构中某一位置的词语进行规约,包括定向度、生命度、意愿性等方面,只有符合句法语义范畴的范畴义征规约条件才具有实现为某一句法语义范畴的可能性。第二,一个静态的词汇单位进入动态的组合结构后,其语义会受到句法结构的影响和制约而产生语义变化,并不是所有词汇语义都会进入使用状态,凸显出来的只是一个或者几个词汇语义特征,最终经过结构关系的规约而实现为使用义;或者,某个词元在组合结构中收到临近词元的影响,增加或消减了某个义征;除此之外,有些元在句法结构中受到不同搭配词语的影响会呈现出对立或相反的义征,发生义征的转化现象。无论是词汇语义对句法结构的制约还是句法结构对词汇语义的反制约考察,每一步都是基于真实语料进行的,每一步都把定量统计和定性分析结合起来,但有些方面仍然未能全面展开。依据“句法—语义”接口研究的思路,这一领域还有相当多的选题,特别是角色范畴句法实现的语用制约、名核结构的句法语义互动等问题亟待研究。
[Abstract]:The Natural Language Processing in the world, after word processing, enters the sentence processing stage after the word processing stage. Under the large background of the natural language sentence processing, both the rules and the statistics based strategies face the question of "syntactic semantic" interface (or interface). The core problem of "syntactic semantic" interface is how to place it. The relationship between vocabulary and syntax. This paper, guided by the hierarchy of interface model theory, takes the typical words of three valence verbs of one price, two price and three valence in modern Chinese as the research object. Based on the tagging corpus, the interaction between vocabulary and syntax is discussed from the two dimensions of the restriction of vocabulary to syntax and the reverse restriction of syntax to vocabulary. This study provides a new perspective for the study of the interface of Chinese academics, and is of great value to the theory of French semantics and the processing of language information. First, at the semantic level of the vocabulary, the selection and determination of one price, the typical word element (18) of the two valence and trivalent verbs are based on the lexicon. The meaning sign set (2689) is used to analyze the lexical meaning of the selected three different valence class words. The semantic analysis sequence pattern of different valence verbs is formed. In the sentence French meaning level, based on the syntactic category meaning marker set (76), the category and category of the role category involved in the different valence verbs in the interface are analyzed. Secondly, on the basis of the lexical meaning and the analysis of the sentence French meaning, based on the three different valence verb meaning fields, we first examine the constraining effect of the lexical semantics to the syntax. The conclusion is that in the syntactic semantic interface, the lexical semantic of the verb will play the underlying constraints, which is concretely represented by the lexical semantic characteristics of the verb. The selection of combination objects; restricts the number and frame type of the composite frame; restricts the position of semantic role syntactic realization. In particular, the role realization of the lexical unit is also restricted by the lexical semantic constraints, in addition to the constraints of the role category meaning. On the one hand, in the cohesion of the lexical unit semantic role, The lexical meaning is always in the basic position, which restricts the types and characteristics of the semantic category of the semantic subfield. On the other hand, the choice of the combination object and what role to act in the syntactic structure is still subject to the semantic features of the lexical semantics. Second, the restriction of the lexical semantics to the composite framework emphasizes the difference in the framework pattern formed by the combination of the lexical semantics. It is mainly shown in three aspects: one is that the lexical semantic features of the verb restrict the type of the combined frame, and the three valence verbs need to be different in the number of basic elements of the same occurrence, and the combination frame is different, such as the formation of 142 specific frame modes of one valence verb, and the formation of the two valence verbs in 40 categories and 224 specific frame patterns, and the trivalent movement. The words form 123 major categories and 224 specific frame patterns. Two, for the same valence class or the same semantic field, the mandatory degree of the demand for nominal valence elements is different, thus forming a different type of combination framework; three is the type and frequency of the external role, especially in the verb's lexical meaning sequence pattern. The occurrence frequency of the outer layers is relatively high. Third, the difference in the priority selection sequence of the same semantic roles in the projection syntax is also caused by the specific differences in the lexical semantics, while each of the role categories has a prototype position of the syntactic realization, and the syntactic realization of any role is the priority selection of its prototype position. Again, The reverse constraints of syntactic structure to vocabulary are discussed, which are mainly embodied in two aspects of the semantic protruding and change of lexical units that can enter the group level by syntactic structure to the lexical units that can enter the group level. The conformation of words that attempt to enter a certain position in the syntactic structure, including orientation, life, and willingness, is the possibility of realizing a certain category of French meaning only when the scope of the category semantic specification conforms to the semantic category of the sentence. Second, first static lexical units enter the dynamic combination structure. Semantic changes are produced by the syntactic structure, and not all lexical semantics will enter the use state, which highlights only one or a few lexical semantic features, and is finally realized as the use of the structure relation specification; or, a word element receives the influence of the adjacent word element in the combination structure. Add or reduce a certain sign; in addition, some elements in the syntactic structure are influenced by different collocation words in the syntactic structure. According to the idea of "syntactic semantic" interface research, there are quite a few topics in this field, especially the pragmatic constraints of the syntactic realization of the role category, and the question of the syntactic and semantic interaction between the noun and the noun structure.
【学位授予单位】：南京师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：H146.3;H136

【参考文献】