“汉语是一种语言”:中国现代国语运动与汉语“方言”的成立

发布时间：2019-07-24 12:55

【摘要】：现代汉语中的方言概念,并不是传统方言概念的简单延伸。从字面上看,这里存在着一个语义内缩过程:方言一词从包含甚广的方域性语言,成为同一语言分化而成的地方变体。实际上,这个概念是经由国语运动建立起来的,并最终服务于中国现代的民族国家建设。现代方言概念的成立,为中国语言学家们带来了一些新问题,最重要的就是:各地汉人使用的语言,是否是汉语方言,抑或是不同语言?这个问题被认为直接关系到中华文化和国家的统一。因此,他们竭力论证,各地汉语同出一源,它们之间的区分只是方言的差异,绝非不同语言的区别。这是民国时期主流学界的看法。同时,也有一批左翼文化人出于与国民党政治斗争及推行"拉丁化新文字"运动的需要,更强调汉语方言的歧异性。但是,随着中共夺取政权步伐的加快,这些左翼文化人的态度也迅速转向强调汉语方言的同一性。这些现象表明,现代汉语方言概念和方言学的成立,是学理和政治协商的结果。在此过程中,学者们非常强调方言研究的"当代导向",这也是民族作为一个"想象的共同体"的内在要求。就本文关注的课题而言,历史和传统典籍所提供的支持是无可替代的,但前提是它从价值评判尺度变为一种服务于当代的"文化传统"。
[Abstract]:The concept of dialect in modern Chinese is not a simple extension of the concept of traditional dialect. Literally, there is a process of semantic contraction: the word dialect has become a local variant of the same language from a wide range of regional languages. In fact, this concept was established by the Mandarin movement and ultimately served the modern nation-state construction in China. The establishment of the concept of modern dialects has brought some new problems to Chinese linguists. The most important thing is whether the languages used by Chinese people everywhere are Chinese dialects or different languages. This issue is considered to be directly related to the unity of Chinese culture and the country. Therefore, they try their best to argue that there is a common source of Chinese from all over the world, and that the distinction between them is only the difference between dialects, not the difference between different languages. This is the view of the mainstream academic circles in the Republic of China. At the same time, there are also a group of left-wing cultural people who emphasize the differences of Chinese dialects because of the political struggle with the Kuomintang and the implementation of the "Latinized New character" movement. However, with the acceleration of the pace of the Communist Party of China seizing power, the attitude of these left-wing cultural people also quickly turned to emphasize the identity of Chinese dialects. These phenomena show that the establishment of the concept of modern Chinese dialect and dialects is the result of theoretical and political negotiation. In this process, scholars attach great importance to the "contemporary orientation" of dialect research, which is also the inherent requirement of the nation as an "imaginary community". As far as the topics concerned in this paper are concerned, the support provided by history and traditional classics is irreplaceable, but only if it changes from the yardstick of value evaluation to a kind of "cultural tradition" that serves the contemporary era.
【作者单位】：四川大学历史文化学院;
【分类号】：H17

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