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30例儿童隐球菌性脑膜炎临床分析

发布时间:2019-02-14 20:28
【摘要】:目的 探讨儿童隐球菌性脑膜炎的临床特点及治疗方法,以提高对儿童隐球菌性脑膜炎的认识,为其诊断、治疗提供依据。 方法 对重庆医科大学附属儿童医院2001年12月-2011年12月收治住院的30例诊断明确的隐球菌性脑膜炎患儿的临床资料进行回顾性分析,包括一般资料、临床表现、主要辅助检查、治疗情况、预后等。应用SPSS19.0软件进行统计分析,计数资料用百分率表示,计量资料用平均值±标准差表示,使用秩和检验及卡方检验,以P小于0.05有统计学意义。 结果 1.一般资料:男21例(70.00%),女9例(30.00%),平均年龄7.25±3.75岁,其中3岁及3岁以下4例(13.33%),3-6岁10例(33.33%),6-9岁5例(16.67%),9岁-12岁6例(20.00%),12岁-15岁5例(16.67%),11例有易感因素或基础疾病。 2.临床表现:30例患儿中发热29例(96.67%),呕吐26例(86.67%),头痛23例(76.67%),意识障碍11例(36.67%),抽搐8例(26.67%),颈项强直22例(73.33%)。5例表现为急性起病,15例亚急性起病,10例慢性起病。 3.辅助检查: (1)一般检查:30例行脑脊液检查,蛋白质22例(73.33%)升高,其中13例≥1.0g/L;16例(53.33%)葡萄糖降低;3例氯化物降低。16例头颅CT中11例异常。14例头颅MRI,13例异常。15例脑电图中14例异常,多表现为慢波增多。 (2)病原学检查:30例患儿中27例(90.00%)墨汁染色阳性,23例(76.67%)培养阳性,10例两性霉素B药敏试验3例(30.00%)耐药,9例氟康唑药敏试验8例(88.89%)耐药。 4.治疗情况:22例抗真菌治疗>7天,其中2例单独用1种药物治疗(1例氟康唑,1例两性霉素B),20例予两性霉素B(或锋克松),联合氟康唑(14例)、氟胞嘧啶(3例)或伊曲康唑(3例)治疗。2007-2011组在两性霉素B或锋克松总剂量、平均公斤用药量(mg/Kg)、疗程明显高于2001-2006组(P<0.05)。 5.预后:22例接受抗真菌治疗>7天的患儿中治愈2例,好转15例,无效5例,总有效率77.27%,两性霉素B(或锋克松)与氟胞嘧啶、氟康唑或伊曲康唑联用三组卡方检验无统计学意义。 6.误诊情况:入院前误诊率76.67%,其中17.39%误诊为结核性脑膜炎。 结论 儿童隐球菌性脑膜炎多亚急性或慢性起病,好发于学龄前及学龄期儿童,多无基础疾病或易感因素,,多数免疫功能正常,且男性多见。常见的临床表现为发热、头痛、呕吐和颈项强直。脑脊液检查多表现为蛋白质明显增高、葡萄糖降低、氯化物在正常范围内。墨汁染色涂片联合真菌培养阳性率高,为诊断CM的“金标准”。两性霉素B(或锋克松)为治疗儿童CM的主要抗真菌药物,其与氟胞嘧啶、氟康唑或伊曲康唑的联合治疗方案在疗效上无显著差异。近5年CM治疗较前困难,原因可能是隐球菌对氟康唑耐药现象严重,且对两性霉素B也有耐药株产生。儿童CM易被误诊为结核性脑膜炎,对于考虑结核性脑膜炎但抗痨效果不好时,需警惕有无CM的可能。
[Abstract]:Objective to explore the clinical characteristics and treatment of cryptococcal meningitis in children, so as to improve the understanding of cryptococcal meningitis in children and provide evidence for its diagnosis and treatment. Methods the clinical data of 30 hospitalized children with cryptococcal meningitis from December 2001 to December 2011 in Children's Hospital affiliated to Chongqing Medical University were retrospectively analyzed, including general data and clinical manifestations. Main auxiliary examination, treatment, prognosis and so on. The statistical analysis was carried out by using SPSS19.0 software. The counting data were expressed as percentage, the mean 卤standard deviation was used to measure the data, and the rank sum test and chi-square test were used, P < 0. 05 had statistical significance. Result 1. General data: there were 21 males (70.00%) and 9 females (30.00%), with an average age of 7.25 卤3.75 years, including 4 cases (13.33%) aged 3 and below, 10 cases (33.33%) aged 3-6 years. There were 5 cases (16.67%) aged 6-9 years, 6 cases (20.00%) aged 9-12 years, 5 cases (16.67%) aged 12-15 years old, 11 cases having predisposing factors or underlying diseases. 2. The clinical manifestations included fever in 29 cases (96.67%), vomiting in 26 cases (86.67%), headache in 23 cases (76.67%), disturbance of consciousness in 11 cases (36.67%), convulsion in 8 cases (26.67%). Cervical ankylosis occurred in 22 cases (73.33%), including acute onset in 5 cases, subacute onset in 15 cases and chronic onset in 10 cases. 3. Adjuvant examination: (1) General examination: cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination was performed in 30 cases, protein was increased in 22 cases (73.33%), and glucose decreased in 16 cases (53.33%) in 13 cases (鈮

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