三峡工程对坝区自然疫源性疾病影响的研究

发布时间：2018-04-01 17:34

本文选题：三峡工程　切入点：鼠密度　出处：《华中科技大学》2008年硕士论文

【摘要】： 目的课题的目的是通过现场流行病学和血清流行病学调查,研究三峡工程三期蓄水完成后对坝区自然疫源性疾病的影响,为制定坝区自然疫源性疾病防治对策提供依据,在此基础上预测水库建设后可能出现的环境医学问题,并进行综合评价预测,提出对策,为建立大型水利枢纽工程对环境和生态安全评价提供科学依据。方法 1.在三峡坝区范围内具备有支沟小溪及回水区域的居民点中,我们在大坝上游的茅坪镇、太平溪镇,下游的三斗坪镇、乐天溪镇随机抽取了银杏沱村、龙潭坪村、石板村、沙坪村4个自然村作为调查点,2006年5月、9月份和2007年5月、9月份四次分别进行调研。采用夹夜法观察了鼠密度和种类,并收集三峡生态环境监测中心历年相关资料作为参比。 2.采集坝区鼠肺161份,鼠肺采集后放入液氮罐冷冻保存待检。直接免疫荧光法检测鼠肺EHF抗原。收集库区历年鼠肺出血热病毒阳性率和鼠密度资料,应用SPSS13.0统计软件包进行相关性分析。酶联免疫吸附法检测坝区健康人群血清流行性出血热EHFV-IgG抗体。 3.进行并殖吸虫病现场流行病学调查和血清流行病学调查。采用酶联免疫吸附试验(Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays, ELISA)检测人群血清并殖吸虫IgG抗体,同时对当地人群进行问卷调查。调查坝区并殖吸虫第二中间宿主溪蟹密度及其种群构成,沉渣镜检溪蟹的并殖吸虫囊蚴。数据采用Excel2003进行处理分析。统计学处理用SPSS13.0统计软件进行感染率、构成比的计算、卡方检验、相关分析、确切概率法。 4.我们从相关部门获得了三峡坝区的太平溪镇、三斗坪镇、乐天溪镇、茅坪镇、邓村的历年相关传染病疫情资料(1991～2006),并进行了分析汇总。其中,太平溪镇和茅坪镇位于大坝上游的左右两侧,乐天溪镇和三斗坪镇位于大坝下游的左右两侧,而邓村位于远离大坝的区域。结果 1. 2007年坝区平均鼠密度为10.88%,5月份和9月份鼠密度分别为10.03%、11.71%,两者差异无显著性(χ2=2.11, P =0.147);室内外鼠密度分别为16.70%、5.12%,室内高于室外,差异有显著性(χ2=188.57, P0.005),室内鼠密度明显高于室外;大坝上游鼠密度为13.06%,大坝下游鼠密度为10.51%,二者差异有统计学意义(χ2=8.21, P0.05),大坝上游明显高于大坝下游。2007年全年鼠密度(10.88%),2006年全年鼠密度(5.61%),两年度鼠密度差异有显著性(χ2=58.54;P0.0001)。库区历史资料分析发现,库区蓄水前1年(2002年)和蓄水后一年(2004年)鼠密度显著降低,蓄水后第二年(2005年)有所反弹,坝区鼠密度水平和库区相当;鼠类密度影响因素分析发现,库区历年气象因子平均值和农田面积与鼠密度无相关,两者不是影响鼠密度变化的主要因素。 2.鼠肺汉坦病毒(Hantan virus,HV)感染率为9.32%,室内鼠病毒感染率高于室外鼠;坝区EHF传染源主要为家栖鼠。四个调查点的鼠肺阳性率差异无显著性;大坝上游和下游鼠肺感染率无显著性差异。1998～2005年库区历史资料分析发现,库区鼠肺病毒感染率保持一个比较低的水平,但每隔4～5年有个小高峰。2003年水库开始蓄水时,病毒感染率降至历史最低点(0%),蓄水后一年开始反弹恢复到蓄水前的感染水平。本次研究调查所获得的坝区鼠肺感染率(9.32%)明显高于库区历年水平。对库区和坝区室内外鼠密度和鼠肺感染率相关性检验发现,鼠肺感染率和室内密度两者间存在正相关,有统计学意义。 3.从398份居民血清中,ELISA试验检测出并殖吸虫IgG抗体阳性3人,总的阳性率为0.748%。3例阳性均为男性学生,年龄分别是12岁、12岁、14岁,均无食蟹史,但均有经常饮生水的习惯。乐天溪镇阳性率1.92%,其余三个点均无阳性发现。调查人群中未发现具有典型临床症状和体征的并殖吸虫病病人。398份问卷调查显示当地居民生食(半生食)溪蟹这一不正确的行为仅占1.6%;但喝生水很普遍,占58.4%。 4.痢疾和疟疾是三峡坝区常见多发病,其它各种疾病的发病率均处于较低水平,各地区传染病发病率没有明显不同。结论 1.与库区蓄水时调查结果比较,坝区鼠密度有所回升,且鼠密度处于较高水平;2007年鼠密度与2006年鼠密度相比有明显上升,提示我们有必要适时采取灭鼠措施,防止鼠传疾病的发生;并且出现坝上鼠密度高于坝下;同时发现鼠类由室外向室内转移现象。 2.坝区2007年未发现人间疫情,结合宿主动物中检出低水平EHF病毒感染率,初步判定该地人间疫情处在低水平稳定状态,属于EHF潜在疫区。坝区健康人群隐性感染处于较低水平,大坝蓄水3年来,生态环境变化未对坝区EHF宿主密度及人间感染产生影响,但我们要加强防疫和不定期全面灭鼠,防止EHF的流行和暴发流行。 3.本次并殖吸虫病流行病学调查结果显示,三峡坝区为并殖吸虫中度疫源地。分析以往的资料来看,三峡建设12年来,疫情和病媒感染均有下降,没有发现对并殖吸虫病流行有明显的影响。目前整个坝区人群与中间宿主溪蟹感染情况处于逐步下降的平稳状态。但并殖吸虫病是人兽共患寄生虫病,即使局部地区人群感染得到基本控制,但自然疫源地的存在,仍可引起新的流行。 4.我们尚不能得出三峡地区建坝后会导致各种自然疫源性疾病暴发流行的结论,然而只要疫源地存在和流行的条件具备,还是可能会出现大规模疫情发生,所以我们要提高警惕,做好各种预防和控制措施。
[Abstract]:objective
The purpose of this study is to through epidemiological and serological surveys, impact on the natural infectious diseases of the three stage storage of the three gorge project is completed, provide the basis for the development of the natural infectious diseases prevention, medical environment problems after reservoir construction can be predicted on the basis of this, and make a comprehensive evaluation and prediction, countermeasures and to provide a scientific basis for the establishment of a large water conservancy project on the environment and ecological security evaluation.
Method
1. in the Three Gorges Dam range have branch gully streams and backwater area residents in the US, in the upstream of the dam Maoping Town, Taiping Town, three downstream Sandouping Town, Lotte town were randomly selected from Ginkgo Tuo Cun, Longtan Village, stone village, 4 villages in Sha Ping Cun as now, in May 2006, September and May 2007, four times in September. Through the investigation. To observe the rat density and species by night trapping method and collect the Three Gorges ecological environment monitoring center information over the years as a reference.
2. the acquisition of rat lung in 161, lung collected in liquid nitrogen cryopreservation tank to be detected. Detection of EHF antigen in mouse lung by direct immunofluorescence. We collected the past pulmonary hemorrhagic fever virus positive rate and density data, using the SPSS13.0 statistical software package were analyzed. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in serum of the healthy people popular hemorrhagic fever EHFV-IgG antibody.
3. and conducting the survey and serological studies of paragonimiasis epidemiology. Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays, ELISA) detection of serum Paragonimus IgG, and conducted a questionnaire survey on the local population. Field investigations and constitute the second intermediate host of Paragonimus and population density of freshwater, freshwater and sediment microscopy metacercariae. Data are processed by Excel2003 analysis. Statistical analysis using SPSS13.0 statistical software to calculate the infection rate, constituent ratio, chi square test, correlation analysis, exact probability method.
4. we obtained from the relevant departments of the Three Gorges Dam in Taiping Town, three Doo Town, Lotte Town, Maoping Town, Deng village over the relevant data of epidemic situation of infectious diseases (1991~2006), and has carried on the analysis summary. Among them, Taiping Town, Maoping town is located in the upstream of the dam two side, Lotte Xi Zhen and three Doo Town is located in the downstream of the left and right sides, and Deng village is away from the dam area.
Result
For 1.2007 years the average rat density was 10.88%, in May and September the rat density were 10.03%, 11.71%, there was no significant difference (x 2=2.11, P =0.147); indoor rat density was 16.70%, 5.12% higher than that of outdoor, indoor, there was a significant difference (2=188.57, P0.005), indoor rat density was significantly higher than that of outdoor the rat density was 13.06%; the upstream and downstream of the dam rat density was 10.51%, there was significant difference between the two groups (2=8.21, P0.05),.2007 was significantly higher than that of upstream dam downstream of the dam year rat density (10.88%), 2006 (5.61%), the rat density was two year in density difference (x 2=58.54; P0.0001). In historical data analysis found that the reservoir 1 years ago (2002) and after the impoundment of a year (2004) the density of rats decreased significantly, after second years of storage (2005) rebound, the rat density level and a reservoir; rodent density analysis of influence factors The average value of meteorological factors and the area of farmland are not related to the rat density in the years of the reservoir area, and the two are not the main factors affecting the change of rat density.
2. rat pulmonary hantavirus (Hantan virus, HV) infection rate was 9.32%, the infection rate of rat virus is higher than the outdoor rats; EHF is the main source of infection in Rattus. The infective rate of mice among the four investigation points were no significant differences of the dam upstream and downstream; pulmonary infection rate had no significant difference between.1998 ~ 2005 in the historical data analysis found that the infection rate in the rat lung virus maintained at a relatively low level, but every 4~5 years there is a small peak in.2003 reservoir began filling, the virus infection rate dropped to the lowest point in history (0%), rebound back to storage infection level of water before beginning a year after the impoundment. This survey study in the dam pulmonary infection rate (9.32%) was significantly higher than that in previous years level. The rate of correlation test showed that the reservoir and dam indoor rat density and pulmonary infection, pulmonary infection rate and a positive correlation between the two indoor densities, there is statistical significance.
3. from 398 residents in serum, ELISA test for detection of Paragonimus IgG antibody positive 3, the total positive rate of 0.748%.3 positive cases were male students, aged 12, 12 years old, 14 years old, had no history of cynomolgus, but drank unboiled water habits. The positive rate of Lotte the town of 1.92%, the remaining three points were found. The typical clinical symptoms and signs of paragonimiasis patients.398 questionnaires showed local residents eating not found in the survey (undercooked crabs) this incorrect behavior accounted for only 1.6%; but the drinking water is very common, accounting for 58.4%.
4. dysentery and malaria are common diseases in the dam area of the Three Gorges, and the incidence of other diseases is at a low level, and the incidence of infectious diseases in each region is not significantly different.
conclusion
1. and when the reservoir water survey results, the rat density increased, and the density of rats at a high level in 2007 and 2006; the density of rats increased significantly compared with the density of rats, suggesting that it is necessary for us to take timely measures to prevent the occurrence of rodent control, rodent borne diseases; and the emergence of Bashang in higher density than under the dam; also found that the phenomenon of rodents from outside to inside.
In 2007 2. did not find the world epidemic situation, combined with a low level of EHF virus infection rate of detection of the host animal, the preliminary determination of the human epidemic in the low steady state, belonging to the EHF epidemic. The potential of the healthy people latent infection at a low level, the dam for 3 years, the ecological environment has no influence on the host EHF the density and human infection, but we have to strengthen prevention and regular comprehensive rodent, prevent EHF epidemic and outbreak.
3. of the epidemiological survey on paragonimiasis in the Three Gorges dam shows that for moderate foci of Paragonimus. The analysis of the previous data, the Three Gorges Construction for 12 years, the epidemic and disease vector infection were decreased, it does not have obvious effects on paragonimiasis epidemic. Currently the dam group and the intermediate host of infection the situation in the steady state gradually decreased. But the paragonimiasis is a zoonotic disease, even local infection under control, but the natural foci of existence would cause new epidemic.
4. we can't confirm that the area of the Three Gorges dam would lead to various natural infectious disease outbreaks conclusion, however as foci of existence and popular with, or there may be large outbreak, so we have to be vigilant, do all kinds of prevention and control measures.

【学位授予单位】：华中科技大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：R181.3

【参考文献】