1902年霍乱在中国的流行
发布时间：2018-09-09 10:31
【摘要】： 清末是中国疾病史上的重要历史时期,其时由于人口数量激增,山区等地的盲目无组织开发破坏了人与环境的平衡等原因,使其成为传染病多发时期。光绪二十八年,在世界霍乱大流行的背景下,中国亦发生了严重的霍乱疫情。统观有关研究,虽然有一定成果,但许多基础的工作仍然没有解决。笔者将在前人的基础上,利用地方志、医书、文集等资料,分湖广地区、东南沿海与江南地区、华北及东北地区三个大的区域,采用以府为单位进行疫病辨别的方法,对光绪二十八年霍乱在全国流行的区域、方式、路线以及霍乱流行的自然、社会背景做更深一步的研究,进而探讨此次霍乱的流行特点并讨论流行病与国家社会的关系。 该年霍乱流行主要是沿运河水网及交通路线传播,同时随着人的交往移动传播各地。其重灾区为主要有三个大的区域:两广地区,长江三角洲地带和温州府及其周边地区,华北平原冀鲁交界地带。由于各地自然、人文社会环境不同,各地疫情特点不尽相同。该年之所以发生霍乱大流行是环境与人口交互发生作用的结果。晚清时期因人口增多而导致的环境脏乱、气候的异常及铁路等现代交通方式的出现为该年霍乱暴发流行提供了环境大条件。从人的因素方面来讲,晚清时期人口数量的急剧增加及人口密度的大幅上升是此次瘟疫暴发的重要原因;战争和匪乱等人祸亦会对霍乱的流行起到推波助澜的作用,同时民众不洁的饮食及生活习惯也是霍乱流行爆发的重要原因。 由于霍乱传染性强、死亡率高,霍乱大流行对人民生活及社会生产乃至社会结构的变迁产生了深刻影响,此次霍乱由于发生范围广,来势凶猛,影响尤甚。霍乱发生后,造成了全国大量人口死亡,阻碍了各项经济活动的开展,社会各阶层都受到影响。面对霍乱大流行的情况,普通民众更多的是诉诸于精神慰藉,采取“驱避疫鬼”“求雨”等方式来应对这场灾难,甚或官府亦如此。但另一方面,官府也利用其重要的影响力,在此次霍乱大流行的部分地区实行隔离审查等相关措施,于京师设医局,并颁布了一些有益卫生健康的政令,体现了其对科学医疗卫生观念的接纳。其时西医虽无力与传统中医抗衡,但毕竟使民众对西医有了一定的了解和接触,这种接触使得民众的排斥抵抗情绪逐渐发生转变并最终推动了公共卫生观念的确立和卫生防疫体系的建立。因此从这一意义上说,传染病的暴发流行促使了现代医疗卫生体系的建立。
[Abstract]:The late Qing Dynasty was an important historical period in the history of Chinese diseases. At that time, due to the population explosion, the blind and unorganized development in mountainous areas and other places destroyed the balance between human beings and the environment, which made it a period of frequent infectious diseases. The author will use local chronicles, medical books, anthologies and other data to divide Huguang area, southeast coastal and Jiangnan area, north and northeast area into three large areas, using the method of identifying epidemic diseases based on the government as a unit and Guangxu 28-year-old Huo. A further study of the endemic areas, patterns, routes, and natural and social backgrounds of the cholera epidemic will be conducted to explore the epidemic characteristics and discuss the relationship between the epidemic and the national community.
The cholera epidemic spread mainly along the canal water network and traffic routes, and along with the movement of people. The major disaster areas were three major areas: the Guangdong-Guangdong region, the Yangtze River Delta, Wenzhou Prefecture and its surrounding areas, and the Hebei-Shandong border area in the North China Plain. The epidemic was caused by the interaction of environment and population. In the late Qing Dynasty, the environmental disorder caused by the increase of population, the abnormal climate and the appearance of modern transportation modes such as railways provided great environmental conditions for the outbreak of cholera. The dramatic increase in population and population density during the epidemic period were the main reasons for the outbreak. Man-made disasters such as wars and banditry would also contribute to the epidemic of cholera. At the same time, people's unclean diet and living habits were also important reasons for the outbreak.
Because cholera is highly infectious and has a high mortality rate, the cholera pandemic has a profound impact on people's lives, social production and even changes in social structure. The cholera outbreak, due to a wide range of ferocity, has a particularly serious impact. After the cholera outbreak, a large number of people died in the country, hindering the development of various economic activities, and all sectors of society. In the face of the cholera pandemic, ordinary people resort to more spiritual comfort, take "evading the ghosts" and "praying for rain" to deal with the disaster, or even the government, but on the other hand, the government also used its important influence, in some areas of the cholera pandemic isolation censorship and other related. At that time, western medicine was unable to compete with traditional Chinese medicine, but after all, people had a certain understanding and contact with Western medicine. This contact made people gradually change their feelings of rejection and resistance and eventually push forward. In this sense, the outbreak of infectious diseases has promoted the establishment of modern medical and health systems.
【学位授予单位】：中国海洋大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：R181.3
本文编号：2232128
[Abstract]:The late Qing Dynasty was an important historical period in the history of Chinese diseases. At that time, due to the population explosion, the blind and unorganized development in mountainous areas and other places destroyed the balance between human beings and the environment, which made it a period of frequent infectious diseases. The author will use local chronicles, medical books, anthologies and other data to divide Huguang area, southeast coastal and Jiangnan area, north and northeast area into three large areas, using the method of identifying epidemic diseases based on the government as a unit and Guangxu 28-year-old Huo. A further study of the endemic areas, patterns, routes, and natural and social backgrounds of the cholera epidemic will be conducted to explore the epidemic characteristics and discuss the relationship between the epidemic and the national community.
The cholera epidemic spread mainly along the canal water network and traffic routes, and along with the movement of people. The major disaster areas were three major areas: the Guangdong-Guangdong region, the Yangtze River Delta, Wenzhou Prefecture and its surrounding areas, and the Hebei-Shandong border area in the North China Plain. The epidemic was caused by the interaction of environment and population. In the late Qing Dynasty, the environmental disorder caused by the increase of population, the abnormal climate and the appearance of modern transportation modes such as railways provided great environmental conditions for the outbreak of cholera. The dramatic increase in population and population density during the epidemic period were the main reasons for the outbreak. Man-made disasters such as wars and banditry would also contribute to the epidemic of cholera. At the same time, people's unclean diet and living habits were also important reasons for the outbreak.
Because cholera is highly infectious and has a high mortality rate, the cholera pandemic has a profound impact on people's lives, social production and even changes in social structure. The cholera outbreak, due to a wide range of ferocity, has a particularly serious impact. After the cholera outbreak, a large number of people died in the country, hindering the development of various economic activities, and all sectors of society. In the face of the cholera pandemic, ordinary people resort to more spiritual comfort, take "evading the ghosts" and "praying for rain" to deal with the disaster, or even the government, but on the other hand, the government also used its important influence, in some areas of the cholera pandemic isolation censorship and other related. At that time, western medicine was unable to compete with traditional Chinese medicine, but after all, people had a certain understanding and contact with Western medicine. This contact made people gradually change their feelings of rejection and resistance and eventually push forward. In this sense, the outbreak of infectious diseases has promoted the establishment of modern medical and health systems.
【学位授予单位】：中国海洋大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：R181.3
【引证文献】
相关期刊论文 前4条
1 苏全有;邹宝刚;;中国近代疾病史研究的回顾与反思[J];辽宁医学院学报(社会科学版);2011年02期
2 苏全有;邹宝刚;;近年来中国近代防疫史研究综述[J];辽宁医学院学报(社会科学版);2012年01期
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4 杨祥银;王少阳;;《海关医报》与近代温州的疾病[J];浙江学刊;2012年04期
相关博士学位论文 前1条
1 单丽;清代古典霍乱流行研究[D];复旦大学;2011年
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