某有色金属冶炼厂职业健康损害及关键控制点的分析

发布时间：2018-04-03 23:19

本文选题：有色金属冶炼　切入点：职业健康损害　出处：《山西医科大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：目的：通过12年回顾性队列研究评估有色金属冶炼厂的职业性有害因素所致职业健康危害风险，并通过评价生产工艺、生产环境和劳动过程，结合现场监测结果分析该厂职业危害的关键控制点。方法：采用回顾性对列研究的设计及logistic回归分析的方法，选择1999年1月1日-2010年12月31日在册满1年的所有冶炼工人为队列成员，以司炉工、收尘工、制酸工、行车工、剥锌工、操作工、过滤工、铸型工、电解出装槽工人为接触组,以该厂的辅助工种及职能科室工人为对照组。回顾性收集这12年期间职工的职业病与其他工作相关疾病资料，计算各种疾病人年发病率在接触组与对照组的相对危险度，再通过logistic回归分析的方法，分析职工接触因素与其他个人因素与尘肺病发病的相关关系，然后结合现场调查分析，定性地发现职业危害防护的关键控制点。结果：（1）尘肺病例集中在司炉工及铸型工，其中司炉工的尘肺发病风险高于对照组，差异有统计学意义；尘肺病发病风险随着工龄的增加而升高。（2）高血压病、慢性砷中毒、慢性镉中毒、肝胆疾病各工种发病风险均高于对照组，且有统计学意义；肾结石在司炉工及铸型工中发病风险高于对照组，有统计学意义。司炉工此5类疾病的发病风险与对照组相比具有统计学差异。接触组女性肾结石发病风险高于男性，有统计学意义。（3）司炉工与收尘工尿砷、镉超标的发生风险高于对照组且存在统计学意义。（4）进行Logistic单因素回归分析，得出尘肺病发病与工作环境矽尘的时间加权平均浓度（TWA）、工龄权重的粉尘浓度（TWA*工龄）、职工年龄、职工工龄呈正相关关系。（5）尘肺病的发病概率预测模型(其中a1代表年龄36-45岁，a2代表年龄46-60岁，a3代表年龄大于60岁，t*T代表工龄与TWA乘积）（6）硫酸车间的关键控制点为：司炉和收尘岗位，主要应控制的职业病危害因素有粉尘、二氧化硫、氧化锌、镉和砷。粗炼车间的关键控制点为出装槽、司炉和铸型岗位，主要应控制的职业病危害因素有硫酸、硫酸雾、氧化锌、镉和砷。精炼车间的关键控制点为：司炉和收尘岗位，，主要应控制的职业病危害因素有粉尘、砷、镉、一氧化碳、二氧化硫和氧化锌。结论：该厂有色金属冶炼作业促进了肝胆疾病、肾结石与慢性砷镉中毒在接触组的发生；在其他变量年龄、工龄、性别、吸烟、饮酒不变的情况下，TWA每增加1个单位，接尘者尘肺病发病风险增加10倍，在其他变量年龄、性别、吸烟、饮酒不变的情况下，随着工龄TWA乘积每增加1个单位，接尘者尘肺病发病风险增加0.32倍；该厂有色金属冶炼作业防护关键点主要为司炉、收尘、铸型、出装槽等岗位。
[Abstract]:Objective: to evaluate the occupational health risk caused by occupational harmful factors in nonferrous metal smelters by 12 years retrospective cohort study, and to evaluate the production process, production environment and labor process.The key control points of occupational hazard in this factory are analyzed based on the monitoring results.Methods: by the method of retrospective analysis and logistic regression analysis, all smelting workers who had been listed for one year from January 1, 1999 to December 31, 2010 were selected as cohort members.The workers of zinc stripping, operation, filtration, mould casting and electrolytic discharge were the contact group, and the workers of auxiliary work and functional department of the factory were taken as the control group.The data of occupational diseases and other work-related diseases were collected retrospectively during the 12-year period, and the relative risk of the annual morbidity of various diseases in the exposure group and the control group was calculated, and then the logistic regression analysis was used.The relationship between workers' contact factors and other personal factors and the incidence of pneumoconiosis was analyzed, and the key control points of occupational hazard protection were found qualitatively.Results (1) the pneumoconiosis cases were concentrated in the stoveworkers and cast workers, and the risk of pneumoconiosis in the stoker workers was higher than that in the control group, the difference was statistically significant, and the risk of pneumoconiosis increased with the increase of the length of service) hypertension, chronic arsenic poisoning, and chronic arsenic poisoning were the main causes of pneumoconiosis.The risk of chronic cadmium poisoning and hepatobiliary diseases was higher than that of the control group, and the risk of kidney stones was higher than that of the control group.The risk of these five diseases was statistically different from that of the control group.The risk of renal calculi in the exposed group was higher than that in the male (P < 0.05). The risk of urinary arsenic and cadmium exceeding the standard was higher in the exposed group than that in the control group (P < 0.05). The Logistic univariate regression analysis was carried out.The time weighted average concentration of pneumoconiosis and silica dust in the working environment was obtained, the weight of dust concentration of working age was TWA*, the age of workers,The probability prediction model of pneumoconiosis (where a 1 represents age 36-45 years old and a 2 represents age 46-60 years old A3 represents age greater than 60 years old and T represents the product of age and TWA)The key control points of sulphuric acid workshop are as follows: stoves and dust collecting positions. The main occupational hazard factors to be controlled are dust, sulfur dioxide, zinc oxide, cadmium and arsenic.The key control points of the roughing workshop are discharge tank, furnace and casting position. The main occupational hazard factors to be controlled are sulfuric acid, sulfuric acid mist, zinc oxide, cadmium and arsenic.The key control points of refining workshop are as follows: furnace and dust collecting position. The main occupational hazard factors to be controlled are dust, arsenic, cadmium, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide and zinc oxide.Conclusion: the nonferrous metal smelting operation in this plant promoted the occurrence of hepatobiliary diseases, renal calculi and chronic arsenic-cadmium poisoning in contact group, and increased TWA by 1 unit per unit under the condition of other variables such as age, length of service, sex, smoking and drinking.The key points of protection for non-ferrous metal smelting operation are furnace, dust collection, mold casting, discharge tank and so on.
【学位授予单位】：山西医科大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：R13

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