某制鞋厂甲苯定点采样和个体采样的关系

发布时间：2018-04-04 17:46

本文选题：甲苯　切入点：个体采样　出处：《复旦大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：甲苯(Methylbenzene)常温下是一种无色透明液体,有类似苯的芳香气味,易挥发,易溶于苯、醇、醚等多数有机溶剂,是一种重要的有机化工原料,大量用作溶剂和高辛烷值汽油添加剂。甲苯主要通过呼吸道吸入、经皮肤吸收对人体产生健康危害,长时间接触较高浓度的甲苯可引起多种健康损害,如神经衰弱综合征,肝肿大,女工月经异常,皮肤干燥、皲裂、皮炎等。职业性甲苯中毒是我国法定职业病。我国对控制工作场所甲苯浓度,减少或消除甲苯的职业病危害十分重视,现行甲苯职业卫生标准为时间加权平均容许浓度(PC-TWA)50mg/m3和短时间接触容许浓度(PC-STEL)100mg/m3。我国职业卫生标准主要规定了最高容许浓度(MAC)、时间加权平均容许浓度(TWA)、短时间接触容许浓度(STEL)3类职业接触限值。在职业危害因素现场检测中,目前存在两种采样方法：定点采样和个体采样。定点采样和个体采样两者各有优劣,其中定点采样方法简单、节省时间、成本较低,但不能确切反映工人实际接触水平；个体采样操作复杂、耗费时间、成本较高,但能较好地估计个体真实暴露水平。本研究定点采样采用“溶剂解吸一气相色谱法”测定工作场所空气中甲苯的浓度；并同时应用活性炭管进行个体采样,二硫化碳溶剂解吸的气相色谱测定甲苯的浓度。结果表明该方法定点采样测定甲苯的浓度与峰面积在17.3-866.9mg/L的范围内呈线性关系,最低检测限为1.2mg/m3(进样量为1μl),相对标准偏差(RSD)的为0.95%,达到了“车间空气中有毒物质监测研究规范’的要求,具有操作简单、出峰时间快、重现性好的特点,适用于工作场所甲苯浓度的测定。本研究对上海某制鞋厂甲苯接触工段收集历史监测资料,对现场进行调查和采样,对相关作业工人进行了甲苯的接触评估。该厂历史监测资料表明,各车间甲苯浓度呈明显正偏态分布。通过交谈、问卷调查和现场卫生学调查等形式,确定了17个主要接触甲苯的岗位,并将17个岗位17个工人进行了连续3天的代表性的个体采样,同时在有代表性的工作点进行一对一的定点采样。对51组数据分析后得到回归方程v=7.450+1.245x,其中y为甲苯个体采样TWA浓度,x为甲苯定点采样TWA浓度,本方程可以用来粗略预测该制鞋厂五个车间近几年甲苯的个体接触水平。将两种采样进行比较分析,两者计算出来的工人甲苯接触的时间加权平均浓度不相吻合,个体采样结果偏高。定点采样推算工人个体接触水平存在一定的系统误差,但能够较好地对个体采样结果进行解释和补充。因此,进行接触评估应尽量采用个体采样的方法,同时进行定点采样,将两者结合起来,互为对照,以更好地评估甲苯产生的职业危害,为现实工作提供科学依据。历史监测资料也能提供有价值的参考。另外,论文对采样方法的选择、采样时段的选择、样本量和结果的计算方法等因素可能影响接触评估的质量等问题进行讨论。
[Abstract]:Toluene at room temperature (Methylbenzene) is a colorless transparent liquid, aromatic odor, similar to benzene volatile, soluble in benzene, alcohol, ether and most organic solvents, is an important organic chemical raw material, widely used as solvent and high octane gasoline additives. Toluene mainly through respiratory inhalation, skin absorption healthy harm to human body, long time exposure to high concentrations of toluene can cause a lot of damage to health, such as neurasthenia syndrome, hepatomegaly, abnormal menstruation, dry skin, chapped, dermatitis. Toluene poisoning is the legal occupation of occupation disease. China on toluene concentration control of workplace, reduce or eliminate the occupation disease the harm of toluene attaches great importance to the present hygienic standard for toluene occupation time weighted average concentration (PC-TWA) of 50mg/m3 and STEL (PC-STEL 100mg/m3.)
Our country occupation hygiene standards of the main provisions of the maximum allowable concentration (MAC), the time weighted average concentration (TWA), STEL (STEL) 3 class occupation exposure limit. In the occupation hazards field testing, there are two kinds of sampling methods at present: sampling and sampling sampling and individual individual. Sampling both have advantages and disadvantages, the sampling method is simple, time saving, low cost, but it can not accurately reflect the actual exposure level of workers; individual sampling operation is complex, time consuming, high cost, but can estimate the actual individual exposure levels.
The concentrations of sampling by solvent desorption gas chromatography method for determination of toluene in the air of workplace; and at the same time, the application of activated carbon tube for individual sampling, concentration of carbon disulfide solvent desorption gas chromatographic determination of toluene. The results show that the method of sampling concentration and peak area determination of toluene is linear in 17.3-866.9mg/L within the range of the minimum detection limit is 1.2mg/m3 (sample volume of 1 L), the relative standard deviation (RSD) was 0.95%, achieved the determination of toxic substances in workplace air specification "requirements, has the advantages of simple operation, the peak time of fast, good reproducibility, suitable for determination of toluene concentration place.
This study collected historical monitoring data for toluene contact section of a shoe factory in Shanghai, and investigated and sampled the scene. Toluene contact assessment was carried out for the related workers.
The historical monitoring data of the plant showed that the workshop was the concentration of toluene skeweddistribution. Through conversation, questionnaire survey and field survey, identified 17 main toluene positions, and 17 jobs in 17 workers in the individual 3 consecutive days of sampling, at the same time with representatives the point point on a sample. The analysis of 51 groups of data obtained after the regression equation is v=7.450+1.245x, wherein Y is toluene individual sampling TWA concentration, X toluene sampling TWA concentration, exposure level of this equation can be used to predict the five shoe factory workshop in recent years of toluene.
The two samples were compared and analyzed, the time weighted average concentration calculated from the two workers of toluene exposure is not consistent, the individual sampling results. High sampling calculate the exposure level of workers there are some systematic errors, but the results can explain and supplement to the individual sampling better. Therefore, the evaluation method should be used to contact the individual at the same time as the sampling, sampling, combination, mutual control, in order to better assess the occupation harm of toluene, and provide scientific basis for practical work. The historical monitoring data can provide valuable reference.
Besides, the selection of sampling methods, the selection of sampling time, the calculation method of sample size and results and other factors that may affect the quality of contact assessment are discussed.

【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：R13

【参考文献】