慈溪市职业卫生示范企业创建效果研究

发布时间：2018-05-01 05:18

  本文选题：职业卫生 + 示范　； 参考：《浙江大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：背景与目的： 世界卫生组织(WHO)明确指出,职业卫生在促进产业经济建设与发展中发挥着日益重要的作用。早在70年代,一些发达国家相继颁布职业卫生法律法规,以促进社会经济持续发展,以及为企业发展树立良好的公众形象提供法律保障。自2002年起,《中华人民共和国职业病防治法》(中华人民共和国主席令第60号)等法规的出台,标志着我国职业病防治法律体系的框架已经初步建立,职业病防治工作得到有效加强。但是,我国目前职业病危害形势依旧十分严峻,根据卫生部2005年不完全统计,我国接触职业病危害因素的人群居世界首位,涉及有毒有害作业的企业超过1600万家,受到职业病危害的人数超过2亿,直接经济损失达上百亿元,职业病已经成为当今社会一个重大的公共卫生和社会问题。2005年10月召开的十六届五中全会明确提出要“积极防治职业病”,并把相关内容纳入了“十一五”规划《纲要》,同年,卫生部、国家安全生产监督管理总局、中华全国总工会评选出一批国家级职业卫生工作示范企业,以点带面,增强了用人单位自觉贯彻有关法律法规的意识,也表现出国家对职业卫生的关注提高到了更高水平。 自2005年开展国家职业卫生示范企业评选活动以来,绝大多数“职业卫生示范企业”均是在地级市及以上层级开展。立足县域范围开展职业卫生示范企业创建实践的报道较为少见。浙江省慈溪市位于杭州湾南岸,是长三角2小时经济圈的中心地带,制造业极为发达,有企业上万家,其中中小型企业占大多数。许多中小企业职业卫生防治主体责任意识缺乏,职工安全与健康,职业卫生投入严重不足,与《中华人民共和国职业病防治法》的要求相差甚远。慈溪市自2008年开展的“职业卫生示范企业”尚属探索阶段,自创建活动开展以来,职业病防治工作中“企业负责、行业管理、国家监督、劳动者遵章守法”的良好局面正在逐步形成。但也存在着诸多问题,如参与面不广、影响力不大、审核标准有些条款操作性不强等。本文从县域角度出发,进行创建活动效果评价,以期全面了解慈溪市工业企业职业卫生防治现状,探索出县域“职业卫生示范企业”创建工作的推行办法；发现该市卫生监管薄弱行业以及职业病危害因素,从而总结经验有效指导下一步监管工作；建立一套适合县域工业企业监管的长效机制；提高本地企业参与国内国际竞争的综合实力；同时,也可以将该项活动作为企业安全健康发展的经验推广到长三角经济圈。 材料与方法： 1、研究对象的选择 (1)慈溪市职业卫生现况调查 通过对慈溪市卫生监督所职业病危害企业申报资料及日常监督资料的统计分析,了解慈溪市职业病危害现况。 (2)调查企业的选择 从全市职业病危害企业中采用系统抽样法随机选取49家企业组成参评组,进行职业卫生示范企业创建实践,以规模、行业及存在的职业病危害因素等作为配比条件选取相应数量的企业(50家)组成对照组,不参与职业卫生示范企业创建实践。 (4)问卷调查人员的选择 每家调查企业选取企业职业卫生管理人员1名及该企业首要职业病危害因素的接害劳动者10名进行满意度问卷调查。 2、调查方法 首先通过资料查阅法等对慈溪市职业卫生现况进行调查研究,随后运用专家咨询法等对《职业卫生示范企业创建千分制考评标准》及相关满意度调查表进行设计和修订。对于调查企业,分别于2008年12月和2011年6月分两次用《慈溪市职业卫生示范企业创建千分制考评标准》对两组企业进行千分制考评打分,采集两组企业职业卫生工作情况,对于企业相关人员的问卷调查,每家企业调查管理人员1名,劳动者10名,分别于创建示范企业前后(2008年12月和2011年6月)进行两次调查表的采集。调查员选用慈溪市卫生监督所近两年新录用监督员,学历均在大学本科以上,调查前对调查员进行集中培训,统一调查标准。 3、统计分析方法 调查表及数据经编码后输入计算机建立数据库,在录入程序中设置质量控制条件。采用Epidata3.0建立数据库,SPSS17.0进行统计分析。现况分析采用描述性统计方法,组间均数比较采用t检验或方差分析(满足正态、齐性时)或非参数检验(不满足应用条件时),组间率的比较采用卡方检验,不满足卡方检验应用条件时,采用非参数检验方法,检验水准α=0.05。 结果： 1、慈溪职业卫生现况 2010年浙江省慈溪市有职业病危害申报企业425家,依据《企业登记注册类型代码表及经济类型详细说明》分类,其中合资或外商独资企业33家,国有或集体企业15家,个私企业132家,有限责任公司245家,分别占7.76%,3.53%,31.06%,57.65%；按行业分类主要分布最多的为日用品制造业,达285家,占全部申报企业的67.06%,其它木质家具制造业、冶炼锻造业、汽车维修服务业、喷涂印刷业也呈一定的聚集性,分别占全部申报企业的3.76%,4.71%,8.70%,6.59%；425家申报企业共有职工95481人,其中接害工人6557人,其中接触化学毒物3653人,接触粉尘1243人,接触物理因素1661人,分别占全部接害人数的55.71%,18.96%,25.33%。职业病危害申报企业职业卫生管理组织设置率为96%,专(兼)职管理人员配备率100%、作业场所职业病危害因素检测评价率98.59%,开展职业健康监护率83.94%；警示标识设置及职业病危害应急救援预案制定方面需进一步加强,开展上述两项工作的企业仅占所有申报企业的52.71%和52.94%；建设项目审核申请率极低,仅一家合(外)资企业开展了该项工作。 2、参评组评分高于对照组 两组企业在职业卫生示范企业创建前考核得分无统计学差异,创建后两组单项得分和总体得分情况均有所提高,但参评组的得分明显高于对照组；参与创建的企业中,获评企业的各项得分均优于未获评企业,但未获评企业在组织机构和规章制度建设、履行告知义务和职业卫生培训、职业健康监护等几项工作得分和总得分仍高于对照组,且家电行业在作业场所管理与检测、履行告知义务和职业卫生培训、职业健康监护、职业病危害事故的应急救援等方面得分的提高值明显高于其他行业。 3、参评组满意度高于对照组 本次调查共发出问卷2158份,收回有效问卷2135份,有效率为98.93%,参评组企业管理者和劳动者对企业职业卫生工作满意度整体高于对照组企业,参评组企业管理者与劳动者在示范企业创建前后对企业的职业卫生工作满意度有明显提高,差异有统计学意义(P0.001)。 结论： 1、证实职业卫生示范企业在以中小企业为主的县级市并有确有实效,可尝试进行积极的推广 2、慈溪市企业职业卫生工作取得了较大进步,其中,职业卫生示范企业的创建活动对企业职业卫生工作促进作用明显。经行业比较显示,家电行业的创建效果更为明显,提示可以以家电行业为重点继续深入推进创建。 3、深入开展职业卫生示范企业创建工作,有利于增强用人单位自觉、自愿、自发开展职业卫生示范企业工作,维护劳动者权益。 4、进一步完善了适合慈溪特点的职业卫生示范企业考评标准,同时,可进一步探索部门协同在慈溪职业卫生监管长效机制中的重要作用。
[Abstract]:Background and purpose:
The WHO (WHO) clearly points out that occupational health plays an increasingly important role in promoting the construction and development of industrial economy. In 70s, some developed countries have promulgated occupational health laws and regulations in order to promote the sustainable development of the social economy and provide legal guarantee for the development of a good public image for the development of enterprises. Since 2002. According to the introduction of the law on prevention and control of occupational diseases in People's Republic of China (No. sixtieth of the People's Republic of China chairman), the framework of the legal system for prevention and control of occupational diseases in China has been preliminarily established and the prevention and control of occupational diseases have been effectively strengthened. However, the current occupational hazards in China are still very severe, according to the Ministry of health in 2005. The total statistics show that the population of occupational hazards in China is the first in the world, more than 1600 million enterprises involving toxic and harmful operations, more than 200 million of the occupational hazards and hundreds of billions of dollars in direct economic loss, and occupational disease has become a major public health and social problem in the society of sixteen in October,.2005. The Fifth Plenary Session of the Fifth Plenary Session explicitly proposed the "active prevention and control of occupational diseases", and incorporated the relevant contents into the "11th Five-Year" plan, the same year, the Ministry of health, the State Administration of safety and production supervision and management, and the national general trade union of China selected a number of national level professional health demonstration enterprises, with a point of view and enhanced the conscientious implementation of the employers. The awareness of laws and regulations also shows that the state's concern for occupational hygiene has increased to a higher level.
Since 2005, most of the "professional health demonstration enterprises" have been carried out at the level of prefectural and above level since the national occupational health demonstration enterprise was carried out in 2005. The report on the practice of establishing a professional health demonstration enterprise based on the county level is rare. Cixi City, Zhejiang province is located on the South Bank of the Hangzhou Bay, which is the 2 hour economic circle of the Yangtze River Delta. In the central area, the manufacturing industry is extremely developed and there are thousands of enterprises, among which the small and medium enterprises occupy the majority. Many small and medium-sized enterprises have a lack of awareness of the main responsibility of occupational health prevention and control, the safety and health of the workers and workers, the serious shortage of occupational health investment, and the far from the requirements of the People's Republic of China occupational disease prevention and control law. Cixi has carried out in 2008. "The demonstration enterprise of occupational health" is still a stage of exploration. Since the establishment of the activities, the good situation of "enterprise responsibility, industry management, state supervision and compliance with the law of workers" is being gradually formed in the work of occupational disease prevention and control. But there are many problems, such as the lack of participation, the little influence, and the operation of some terms and conditions of the audit standards. In order to understand the status of occupational health prevention and control of industrial enterprises in Cixi and explore the implementation methods of the "professional health demonstration enterprise" in the county, this paper makes a comprehensive understanding of the status of occupational health prevention and control in the industrial enterprises in the county, and finds out the weak industry of health supervision in the city and the hazards of occupational diseases, so as to sum up the experience effectively. One step of supervision will be guided, a long-term mechanism suitable for the supervision of industrial enterprises in the county is set up, and the comprehensive strength of local enterprises to participate in domestic and international competition is improved. At the same time, it can also be extended to the economic circle of the Yangtze River Delta as the experience of the safe and healthy development of the enterprise.
Materials and methods:
1, the choice of the research object
(1) investigation on the current situation of occupational health in Cixi
Through the statistical analysis of the declared data and daily supervision data of occupational hazards enterprises in Cixi City, we understand the current situation of occupational hazards in Cixi.
(2) investigation of the choice of enterprises
The system sampling method was used to select 49 enterprises randomly from the occupational disease hazard enterprises in the city, to establish the practice of the professional health demonstration enterprises, to select the corresponding number of enterprises (50) as the control group by scale, industry and the existing occupational hazards, and not to participate in the establishment of a demonstration enterprise of occupational health. Practice.
(4) the selection of questionnaire investigators
Each survey enterprise selects 1 occupational health management personnel and 10 workers who are the main occupational hazards of the enterprise to conduct a questionnaire survey.
2, the method of investigation
First of all, the status of occupational health in Cixi was investigated by means of data access method, and then the expert consultation method was used to design and revise the questionnaire on the establishment of the standard for the evaluation of the occupational health demonstration enterprises and the related satisfaction questionnaire. In December 2008 and June 2011, the survey enterprises were divided into two occupational health guards in Cixi, respectively. The student demonstration enterprise set up the test and evaluation standard for the thousand points system for two groups of enterprises, collect two groups of enterprises' occupational health work, survey the relevant personnel of the enterprises, 1 managers and 10 workers of each enterprise, and make two investigations before and after the establishment of the demonstration enterprise (December 2008 and June 2011). The surveyor selected the newly recruited supervisor of the Cixi Municipal Health Supervision Institute for the last two years, all of which were above the undergraduate level. Before the investigation, the investigators conducted the centralized training of the investigators and unified the investigation standards.
3, statistical analysis method
The questionnaire and data are encoded by the input computer to establish the database, the quality control conditions are set up in the entry program. The database is set up by Epidata3.0 and SPSS17.0 is used for statistical analysis. The present condition analysis adopts the descriptive statistics method. The average number of groups is compared with t test or variance analysis (satisfied normal, homogeneity) or nonparametric test (dissatisfaction). When the condition of foot was applied, the chi square test was used to compare the rates between groups. When the application conditions of chi square test were not met, the non parametric test method was used to test the level of alpha =0.05..
Result锛，

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