重庆市不同地区中小学学生体质与营养状况调查

发布时间：2018-05-02 03:19

本文选题：中小学生 + 学生体质　；参考：《第三军医大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：一个国家国民体质的状况，是其综合国力的重要组成部分，也是社会文明和进步的重要标志[3]。中小学生是国家未来的人材，近年来，我国中小学生的身体素质指标呈持续下降的趋势。随着社会经济的发展，物质越来越丰富，中小学生的形态发育水平提高了，而体质却下降了，我国中小学生的体质现状令人堪忧，提高中小学生体质发育是一件刻不容缓的大事。由于重庆特殊的地理特点，不仅贫富差异大，城乡差别也大。目前，重庆市城区中小学学生营养过剩的问题已经十分突出，而农村中小学学生营养不足甚至营养缺乏的问题仍然占有一定比例。中小学学生普遍存在营养失衡现象，不仅影响其现阶段的生活、学习和生长发育，也是成年后患多种营养相关慢性病的独立危险因素。以往对重庆市中小学学生体质的监测没有按经济发展水平来分层调查，有的数据仅来源于主城区，导致结果出现偏差，以往的学生体质监测也没有调查学生的膳食习惯、食物消费情况和营养素摄入水平。为全面掌握全市中小学学生的体质与营养状况，有针对性地开展营养干预研究，制定适合重庆市实际情况的中小学学生营养改善措施，于2011年4月至5月进行了重庆市不同地区中小学学生体质监测与营养状况调查研究。根据重庆市不同地区经济发展水平的高、中、一般将重庆市所有区县划分为三个层次（即一圈两翼：主城区、东南翼、东北翼），每个层次选取4个区县，各区县又分城、乡两个层次，各区县随机选取城、乡的中学和小学各2所，每个学校的每个年级中随机抽取一个班，班上所有学生作为研究对象，共抽取重庆市12个区县的96所中小学校中的学生，共计23316人，全面系统的调查评估我市中小学学生的体质与营养状况，现场检测指标包括身高、体重(Body weight,BW)、胸围、腰围、臀围、上臂围(Armcircumference,AC)、三头肌皮褶厚度、腹部皮褶厚度、左右眼视力，调查内容包括坐位体前屈、立定跳远和实心球的成绩、肺活量（Vital capacity,VC）、食物摄入量、生活方式等指标。对收集的数据进行整理核对，剔除不合格的表格，有效数据采用双重录入法，用EPI INFO软件录入数据。本文选取所有7-18岁中小学学生，共21493人的监测结果进行分析研究，用SPSS（Statistical product and service solutions，统计产品与服务解决方案）17.0统计软件系统分析，数据以平均数±标准差（x s）表示，多组间的比较用单因素方差分析，组间比较用t检验，近视率及营养状况分布的比较使用χ2检验，检验水准为α=0.05，， P＜0.05为有显著性差异。本研究主要结果和结论如下： 1.重庆市城镇学生身高高于乡村同年龄同性别的学生，主城区学生身高显著高于东南翼和东北翼相同年龄相同性别的学生（P＜0.05）；重庆市主城区7-18岁男生和7-12岁女生的体重显著高于相同年龄相同性别的东南翼学生（P＜0.05），重庆市各地区13岁以上的女生的体重基本相同。重庆市不同地区中小学学生的胸围、腰围、上臂围等指标与体重的趋势基本一致。说明重庆市中小学学生的形态发育指标与经济发展水平是基本一致的。 2.重庆不同地区中小学学生均存在营养不良与肥胖并存的现象，主城区男、女生肥胖率分别为10.84%和6.77%，明显高于东南翼和东北翼学生（P＜0.05）。主城区和东南翼男生营养不良检出率明显高于东北翼（P＜0.05），主城区男生营养不良率最高，为7.86%。主城区女生营养不良率为6.34%，也显著高于东南翼和东北翼的女生（P＜0.05）。重庆市不同地区较低体重所占比例还非常高，以东南翼男生较低体重率最高。 3.重庆市不同地区中小学学生的身体素质机能方面，肺活量以东北翼学生最好，柔韧性指标以东南翼学生最好，力量及爆发力指标16岁以前主城区和东北翼学生较好，而17岁以后东南翼学生较好，值得注意的是主城区17-18岁学生的多项素质机能指标比16岁学生有所下降。这可能与主城区高二、高三学生学习压力大任务重而忽略了身体锻炼有关。 4.无论男生还是女生，各个地区学生视力不良率均随着年龄的增加而增高。东南翼7-12岁学生视力不良率显著高于主城区相同年龄相同性别学生（P＜0.05），而各个地区16-18岁男女学生视力不良率均在50%以上，无统计学差异。东南翼小学学生视力不良率显著高于其他地区的学生，其原因有待进一步探讨。 5.重庆市中小学学生存在一些不良膳食习惯，主城区学生人日均摄入肉类、奶类、鱼虾类、蔬菜类、水果类的数量高于东南翼和东北翼的学生，但摄入粮谷类、豆类的数量比其他地区低（P＜0.05）。与中国居民平衡膳食宝塔推荐的食物数量相比较，重庆市不同地区各年级学生摄入的鱼虾类、蔬菜类、水果类和奶类都还明显不足。与中国居民DRIs(Dietary reference intakes,膳食营养素参考摄入量)比较，重庆市中小学学生的能量、维生素A、维生素C、钙和锌的摄入量都还有较大差距。综上所述，重庆市经济发展水平较好的主城区中小学学生形态发育指标明显好于经济发展水平一般的东南翼学生，这与他们的膳食结构和营养素摄入好于两翼地区学生有关，但身体素质机能指标却没有优势，尤其是高二、高三的学生，这可能与学校的学习任务、体育锻炼有关。重庆市中小学学生的体质不容乐观，学生的膳食习惯不理想，食物搭配不科学，有的营养素摄入量还明显不足，应引起卫生局、教委、学校和家长的高度重视，采取有效措施改善学生营养状况。
[Abstract]:The state of a nation ' s national physique is an important part of its comprehensive national strength , and it is also an important symbol of social civilization and progress . With the development of social economy , the physical quality index of primary and middle school students in China has been steadily declining .

According to the high level of economic development in different parts of Chongqing , all districts and counties of Chongqing are divided into three levels ( two wings : main urban area , southeast wing and northeast wing ) . Each grade is divided into four districts , each district is divided into two levels : height , weight ( Body weight , BW ) , chest circumference , waist circumference , hip circumference , upper arm circumference ( Armcircumference , AC ) , triceps skinfold thickness , abdominal skin fold thickness , left and right eye vision . Statistical product and service solution ) 17.0 statistical software system analysis , data was expressed by mean 卤 standard deviation ( x s ) , and the comparison between groups was analyzed by single factor variance analysis . The comparison between groups showed that the test level was 伪 = 0.05 and P < 0.05 as significant difference .

The main results and conclusions of this study are as follows :

1 . The height of students in urban areas of Chongqing is higher than that of students of same sex in rural areas . The height of students in urban areas is significantly higher than that of students with same age at the same age ( P < 0.05 ) .
The body weight of girls aged 7 - 18 years and girls aged 7 - 12 in Chongqing is significantly higher than that in the same age group ( P < 0.05 ) , and the weight of girls over 13 years of age in Chongqing is basically the same . The indexes of the chest circumference , waist circumference and upper arm circumference of primary and middle school students in Chongqing are basically consistent with the trend of body weight .

2 . The prevalence of malnutrition and obesity existed in primary and middle school students in different regions of Chongqing . The obesity rates of male and female in urban areas were 10.84 % and 6.77 % respectively . The prevalence rate of malnutrition among male and female students in urban areas was higher than that in the northeast wing ( P < 0.05 ) .

3 . The physical quality function of primary and middle school students in different parts of Chongqing is the best among the students of the northeast wing . The index of flexibility is the best among the students in the southeast wing . The strength and the explosive force index are better than those in the main urban area and the northeast wing of the 16 - year - old students . It is worth noting that the students of 17 - 18 years of age in the main urban area have lower than the 16 - year - old students . This may be related to the heavy task of the high two and high three students in the main urban area and neglect the physical exercise .

4 . The bad rate of visual acuity of students in all regions was higher than that of the same age group ( P & lt ; 0.05 ) in the southeast wing 7 - 12 years , and the bad rate of students in the 16 - 18 years old was higher than that in other regions .

5 . There are some bad dietary habits in primary and middle school students in Chongqing . The number of daily intake of meat , milk , fish and shrimp , vegetable and fruit is higher than those in other regions ( P & lt ; 0.05 ) . Compared with the food quantity recommended by Chinese residents , the consumption of fish and shrimp , vegetable , fruit and milk in different regions of Chongqing is less than that of other regions ( P & lt ; 0.05 ) . Compared with China ' s population DRIs , the consumption of energy , vitamin A , vitamin C , calcium and zinc in primary and middle school students in Chongqing is still larger .

To sum up , the development index of primary and secondary school students in Chongqing is obviously better than that of the southeast wing students with the general economic development level . This is related to their dietary structure and nutrients intake in the two - wing region . However , the physical fitness index has no advantage , especially the high two and three students , which may be related to the school ' s study task and physical exercise . The students ' dietary habits are not ideal , the food collocation is not scientific , and the nutrient intake of the students is obviously insufficient , which should arouse the great attention of the health bureau , the education committee , the school and the parents , and take effective measures to improve the nutritional status of the students .

【学位授予单位】：第三军医大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：R151

【参考文献】