太原市交通相关PM2.5的化学组成、来源及对人群心肺功能的健康影响

发布时间：2018-05-29 21:31

本文选题：PM2.5 + 化学组成　；参考：《山西医科大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：第一部分：太原市交通相关PM2.5化学组成及来源解析目的：研究太原市冬季和春季两个季节交通路口和室内PM2.5的污染特征；定量描述PM2.5的化学组成及微观特征；运用不同的源解析方法探究PM2.5的主要来源方法：用质量法和在线检测法测定研究地点的PM2.5浓度；应用石墨炉原子吸收法、原子荧光法检测研究地点PM2.5中的无机元素；应用离子色谱法检测研究地点PM2.5中的离子成分；应用高效液相色谱法检测研究地点PM2.5中的多环芳烃；应用SEM-EDX法测量研究地点单个PM2.5的形态及能谱。并应用富集因子法、比值法及因子分析法等多元统计方法对其来源进行解析。结果：1、研究地点PM2.5浓度分别是冬季(市区)路口(160.69±121.5)μg/m3春季(市区)路口(132.5±29.11)μg/m3春季(市区CDC)室内(99.72±.24.17)μg/m3春季(郊区)路口(55.4±.29.38)μg/m3。除了春季(郊区)路口低于PM2.5国家最新二级标准75μg/m3,其它均高于我国空气质量标准。 2、研究地点PM2.5中12种无机元素约占PM2.5质量比为20.42%-35.70%；富集因子分析元素主要分为地壳源元素(K、Na、Ca、Mg)和人为源元素(Zn、Pb、As、Hg, Ni、Cd);因子分析结果表明交通来源、煤炭燃烧源和自然源土壤尘是太原市PM2.5中无机元素的主要来源。 3、研究地点PM2.5中四种阴离子中SO42-浓度最高,其他依次为Cl-NO3-F-,比值法源解析结果表明太原市PM2.5中水溶性离子主要为煤炭燃烧源。 4、研究地点PM2.5中13种PAHs占PM2.5的质量比约为0.21%-0.55%。PAHs中BaP含量除春季郊区低于国家标准外,其他均超标,冬季超标尤为严重；比值法和因子分析法结果均表明交通污染源和煤炭燃烧源是太原市PM2.5中PAHs的主要来源。 5、使用高分辨率的场发射扫描电子显微镜和EDX能谱分析系统对PM2.5样品进行微观形貌特征及成分分析,确定出PM2.5主要由含碳颗粒、初级矿物尘颗粒、反应矿物尘颗粒等组成。分别来源于交通污染源、煤炭燃烧源和自然源土壤尘。结论1、太原市的PM2.5污染比较严重。 2、太原市的PM2.5主要来源是煤炭燃烧源、交通污染源和自然源三大类。第二部分：太原市交通相关PM2.5的暴露对人群心肺功能的影响目的：评价太原市交通警察和疾病预防控制中心(CDC)工作人员工作环境PM2.5暴露水平,研究工作环境PM2.5暴露与人群肺功能和心血管功能的关系。方法：选择59名外勤交通警察(暴露组)、29名疾病预防控制中心工作人员(对照组)为研究对象,对研究对象进行问卷调查搜集人群的基本情况,应用环境监测和时间-活动日记相结合的方法连续采样一周,计算研究对象工作时间内PM2.5暴露剂量和潜在暴露剂量。用高效液相色谱法检测两组人群工作环境中的芘和尿中1-OHPy的水平。于环境检测一周结束后,检测肺功能、心血管功能。结果：1、交通警察工作交通路口的PM2.5浓度(132±49)μg/m3大于CDC办公室内PM2.5浓度(99.72±.24.17)μg/m3,差别有统计学(P0.05)；8小时工作时间内交通警察的暴露剂量、潜在暴露剂量分别为(1.06±0.23)mg和(1.69±0.37)mg也大于CDC工作人员(0.798±0.19)mg和(0.798±0.19)mg(P0.05)；交通警察工作环境PM2.5中芘浓度(7.08±2.95)ng/m3大于CDC工作人员工作环境PM2.5中芘浓度(3.67±0.99)ng/m3,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)；交通警察尿中1-OHPy浓度(0.28±0.15)umol/molCr大于CDC工作人员尿中1-OHPy浓度(0.19±0.18)umol/molCr,差别有统计学意义(P0.05)。 2、男性交通警察最大呼出流速(PEF)和FEV1.0/FVC%分别为(4.70±0.28L/s)和(0.82±0.03)低于男性CDC工作人员(6.53±0.41L/s)和(0.92±0.02),差异有统计学意义(P0.01)；男性交通警察FEW1.0实测值/FEV1.0预计值%和PEF实测值/PEF预计值%异常率分别为(31.5%)、(36.8%)比CDC男性工作人员异常率(12.5%)、(15.4%)增高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。 3、交通警察组收缩压{男(132.10±12.58)}、{女(122.43±18.83)}均高于CDC工作人员组的收缩压{男(120.75±20.16)}、{女(111.54±13.03)},差异有统计学意义(P0.01)；男性交通警察的脉压差(41.43±10.6)高于CDC男性工作人员(36.13±=11.39),差异有统计学意义(P0.01)；男性交通警察的血压异常率(47.37%)和心电图异常率(28.95%)高于CDC男性人员的血压异常率(25.00%)和心电图异常率(18.75%),差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论：交通警察工作环境的PM2.5浓度高于CDC工作人员室内工作环境中的PM2.5浓度；PM2.5浓度的增高可能使人群肺通气功能下降；PM2.5浓度的增高可使人群心血管功能异常率增加。
[Abstract]:Part 1: chemical composition and source apportionment of PM2.5 related to traffic in Taiyuan
Objective: To study the pollution characteristics of traffic junctions and indoor PM2.5 in two seasons in winter and spring in Taiyuan, and to quantitatively describe the chemical and microscopic characteristics of PM2.5, and to explore the main sources of PM2.5 by different source analysis methods.
Methods: the concentration of PM2.5 in the study site was measured by mass spectrometry and on-line detection. The inorganic elements in the study site PM2.5 were detected by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry and atomic fluorescence spectrometry. The ionic components in the study site PM2.5 were detected by ion chromatography, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the study site PM2.5 were detected by high performance liquid chromatography. The SEM-EDX method was used to measure the morphology and energy spectrum of single PM2.5 in the study site, and the sources were analyzed with the enrichment factor method, ratio method and factor analysis method.
Results: 1, the concentration of PM2.5 in the study site was in winter (160.69 + 121.5) in the spring (132.5 + 29.11) in the spring (132.5 + 29.11) in the spring (99.72 +.24.17) in the spring (99.72 +.24.17) in the spring (55.4 +.29.38) mu g/m3. except for the spring (suburb) intersection which was lower than the new two level of PM2.5 national standard 75 micron g/m3, and the other were higher than that of me. National air quality standard.
2, the 12 inorganic elements in the study site PM2.5 accounted for about the PM2.5 mass ratio of 20.42%-35.70%, and the enrichment factor analysis elements were mainly divided into the crustal source elements (K, Na, Ca, Mg) and human source elements (Zn, Pb, As, Hg, Ni). The factor analysis showed that the source of traffic, the coal combustion source and the natural source soil dust were the main inorganic elements in Taiyuan. Source.
3, among the four kinds of anions in the study site, the concentration of SO42- is the highest, and the other is Cl-NO3-F- in turn. The result of the ratio method source analysis shows that the water-soluble ions in Taiyuan PM2.5 are mainly coal combustion sources.
4, the mass ratio of 13 kinds of PAHs to PM2.5 in the study site PM2.5 is about the BaP content in 0.21%-0.55%.PAHs except in the spring suburb which is lower than the national standard, and the other all exceed the standard in the winter. The ratio method and the factor analysis result all show that the source of traffic pollution and the coal combustion source are the main sources of PAHs in PM2.5 in Taiyuan.
5, using high resolution field emission scanning electron microscope and EDX spectrum analysis system, the micromorphology and composition analysis of PM2.5 samples are carried out, and PM2.5 is determined mainly by carbon containing particles, primary mineral dust particles and reacting mineral dust particles, which are derived from traffic pollution sources, coal combustion sources and natural source soil dust, respectively.
Conclusion 1, the pollution of PM2.5 in Taiyuan is more serious.
2, the main sources of PM2.5 in Taiyuan are three types of coal combustion sources, traffic pollution sources and natural sources.
The second part: the influence of traffic related PM2.5 exposure on cardiopulmonary function in Taiyuan.
Objective: To evaluate the level of PM2.5 exposure in the work environment of Taiyuan traffic police and disease prevention and control center (CDC), and to study the relationship between PM2.5 exposure and pulmonary function and cardiovascular function in the working environment.
Methods: 59 field traffic police (exposure group) and 29 disease prevention and control center staff (control group) were selected as the research object. The basic situation of the population was collected by questionnaire survey. The method of combining environmental monitoring and time activity diary combined with the method of continuous sampling for one week was used to calculate the PM2.5 storm in the work time. The exposure dose and potential exposure dose were used to detect the levels of pyrene and urine 1-OHPy in the working environment of two groups of people by high performance liquid chromatography. After the end of the week, the lung function and cardiovascular function were detected.
Results: 1, the PM2.5 concentration (132 + 49) mu g/m3 of traffic police working traffic was greater than that in CDC Office (99.72 +.24.17) mu g/m3, and the difference was statistically significant (P0.05); the exposure dose of traffic police during the 8 hour working time was (1.06 + 0.23) Mg and (1.69 + 0.37) mg more than the CDC workers (0.798 + 0.19) mg. And (0.798 + 0.19) Mg (P0.05); the concentration of pyrene (7.08 + 2.95) in traffic police working environment (7.08 + 2.95) ng/m3 was greater than that of CDC workers' working environment PM2.5 (3.67 + 0.99) ng/m3, and the difference was statistically significant (P0.01); the concentration of 1-OHPy (0.28 + 0.15) umol/molCr in traffic police urine was greater than that of CDC workers (0.19 + 0.18). Cr, the difference was statistically significant (P0.05).
2, the maximum exhaled flow rate (PEF) and FEV1.0/FVC% of male traffic police (4.70 + 0.28L/s) and (0.82 + 0.03) were lower than that of male CDC staff (6.53 + 0.41L/s) and (0.92 + 0.02), and the difference was statistically significant (P0.01); the abnormal rate of FEW1.0 measured / FEV1.0 expected and PEF measured by male traffic policemen was (31.5%) (36.8%), respectively (36.8%). The abnormal rate of male workers was significantly higher than that of CDC (12.5%), (15.4%), and the difference was statistically significant (P0.05).
3, the systolic pressure {male (132.10 + 12.58)} and {(122.43 + 18.83)} of the traffic police group were higher than those of the CDC staff group (120.75 + 20.16)} and {(111.54 + 13.03)}, and the difference was statistically significant (P0.01); the pulse pressure difference of male traffic policemen was higher than that of CDC male staff (36.13 + =11.39), and the difference was statistically significant (P0.01). The abnormal rate of blood pressure (47.37%) and the rate of abnormal electrocardiogram (28.95%) of male traffic police were higher than that of CDC men (25%) and the rate of abnormal electrocardiogram (18.75%), and the difference was statistically significant (P0.05).
Conclusion: the concentration of PM2.5 in the working environment of traffic police is higher than that of the PM2.5 concentration in the working environment of CDC staff. The increase of PM2.5 concentration may decrease the pulmonary ventilation function of the population, and the increase of PM2.5 concentration can increase the abnormal rate of cardiovascular function in the crowd.
【学位授予单位】：山西医科大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：R128

【参考文献】