环境铅、镉污染健康风险评价指标体系的构建及实证研究

发布时间：2018-06-18 22:05

本文选题：环境铅 + 镉污染　；参考：《华中科技大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：第一部分：环境铅、镉污染健康风险评价指标体系研究目的：建立环境铅、镉污染健康风险评价指标体系，为风险评估方法及风险评估模型奠定基础，为风险管理提供理论依据。方法：采用文献评阅、现有资料整理分析、小组讨论等方法构建指标体系框架，使用德尔菲法与专家会议法相结合构建指标体系的内容，采用小组讨论法对指标体系进一步修正和完善。结果：（1）指标体系的框架：结合健康风险评价的定义和步骤，以及指标体系的构建原则，将环境铅、镉污染健康风险评价指标体系划分为三个指标群：污染源指标、污染暴露指标和风险表征指标；（2）指标体系的设置：通过文献学习和小组讨论初步构建了指标体系，其中铅37项指标，镉42项指标；（3）德尔菲咨询专家构成：主要来自流行病学、环境卫生学、卫生行政管理等领域，其中所有专家均具有副高及以上职称，，85%的专家的专业年限在20年以上；（4）指标筛选结果：两轮德尔菲咨询的专家积极系数分别为92%和88%，其中78%的专家对指标体系提出了修改意见，表明专家对本研究比较支持和关心；专家对指标的熟悉程度和权威程度均在0.8以上，说明咨询专家的结果具有权威性；两轮咨询专家意见协调系数较好，可信度较高；最终环境铅、镉污染健康风险评价指标体系各有三个指标群，各有30项指标。结论：（1）建立指标体系的方法较为科学，所提出的指标体系可作为环境铅、镉污染健康风险评价的基本指标；（2）环境镉污染健康风险评价指标相对重要性排名前五位的指标依次是：尿镉、生活饮用水镉浓度、尿β2微球蛋白、农田土壤镉浓度、主要食品中镉浓度；（3）目前的指标体系仅基于文献研究和专家咨询，指标体系的完善需在实践中摸索和验证。第二部分：实证研究——基于流行病学调查对环境镉污染健康风险评价指标体系的验证目的：通过对Y市镉污染区人群环境流行病学的调查和实验室检测，分析和验证环境镉污染健康风险指标体系是否科学合理，以进一步完善指标体系。方法：土壤、农作物、饮用水样品按照《现代卫生检验》的要求，对布点、现场采样、样品制备、分析测试、数据处理等环节进行全程序质量控制。人群流行病学调查按统一培训、统一调查方法、调查表核查、数据逐条校对等环节进行全程质量控制。调查数据统计分析采用SPSS18.0软件。结果:（1）指标体系的验证结果：①污染源指标显示：冶炼厂周边村落农田土壤、地表水存在镉污染，观察组的土壤、地表水镉浓度高于对照组（p0.05）；②污染暴露指标显示：人体镉来源主要通过食物（大米、蔬菜）摄入途径，观察组人均镉每日摄入量为0.0049mg/kg.d，对照组人均镉每日摄入量为0.0029mg/kg.d；③风险表征指标显示：观察组人群尿镉、尿β2微球蛋白、尿NAG酶平均水平均高于对照组（p0.05），观察组人群的风险指数HI高于对照组（p0.05），人群骨密度随着尿镉水平的升高有下降趋势；（2）对指标进一步验证显示，尿镉负荷与土壤镉浓度、食物镉浓度存在剂量-反应关系（p0.05）；距污染源距离越近、居住时间越长，人群尿镉负荷越高（p0.05）；尿镉与尿β2微球蛋白、尿NAG酶具有相关性（p0.05）。结论：环境镉污染健康风险评价最具有代表意义的指标为：尿镉、尿β2微球蛋白、尿NAG酶、主要食物镉浓度、饮用水镉浓度、农田土壤镉浓度、地表水镉浓度、风险指数HI。通过实证研究，显示这些指标确能反映环境镉污染人群健康风险的实际现状，对相关的现场研究工作有一定的指导意义，也可为相关部门作出决策时参考。
[Abstract]:Part I: health risk assessment index system for environmental lead and cadmium pollution
Objective: to establish a health risk assessment index system for environmental lead and cadmium pollution, and to lay the foundation for risk assessment and risk assessment model, and provide a theoretical basis for risk management.
Methods: the index system framework was constructed by literature review, existing data sorting and analysis, group discussion and so on. The index system was constructed by combining Delphy Fa with expert meeting method, and the index system was further amended and perfected by group discussion.
Results: (1) the framework of index system: combining the definition and steps of health risk assessment and the construction principle of index system, the index system of environmental lead and cadmium pollution health risk assessment is divided into three index groups: pollution source index, pollution exposure index and risk characterization index; (2) setting of index system: through literature learning and The group discussed the preliminary establishment of the index system, of which 37 indicators of lead, 42 indicators of cadmium, and (3) Delphy consultants were composed mainly from the fields of epidemiology, environmental hygiene, health administration and so on. All the experts had the secondary and above titles, and 85% of the specialists were more than 20 years of professional life; (4) screening results: (4) The positive coefficients of the two rounds of Delphy consultations were 92% and 88%, respectively, of which 78% of the experts made an amendment to the index system, indicating that experts were more supportive and concerned about the research; the experts' familiarity with the indicators and the authority of the experts were more than 0.8, indicating the authority of the consultative experts; two rounds of consultative experts' opinions. The health index system of environmental lead and cadmium pollution has three index groups, each with 30 indicators.
Conclusion: (1) the method of establishing the index system is more scientific. The index system proposed can be used as the basic index of the health risk assessment of environmental lead and cadmium pollution. (2) the index of the relative importance of environmental cadmium pollution health risk assessment index in the top five ranks are urine cadmium, the concentration of cadmium in drinking water, urinary beta 2 microglobulin, and cadmium in farmland soil. Concentration, the concentration of cadmium in major foods; (3) the current index system is based solely on literature research and expert consultation, and the perfection of the index system needs to be explored and verified in practice.
The second part: Empirical Research -- Verification of environmental risk assessment index system of cadmium pollution based on epidemiological investigation.
Objective: to analyze and verify whether the environmental cadmium pollution health risk index system is scientific and reasonable, and to further improve the index system through the investigation of environmental epidemiology and laboratory testing of the population of cadmium polluted areas in Y city.
Methods: the samples of soil, crops and drinking water were in accordance with the requirements of modern health inspection. The whole program quality control was carried out on cloth point, field sampling, sample preparation, analysis test, data processing and so on. SPSS18.0 software is used for statistical analysis of survey data.
Results: (1) the verification results of the index system: (1) the pollution source index showed that there was cadmium pollution in the surface water of the village farmland around the smelter, the soil of the observation group was higher than the control group (P0.05), and the index of pollution exposure showed that the cadmium source of the human body was mainly through food (rice, vegetable) intake, and the per capita cadmium in the observation group was observed. Daily intake was 0.0049mg/kg.d, and the daily intake of cadmium in the control group was 0.0029mg/kg.d, and the index of risk characterization showed that the urine cadmium, urinary beta 2 microglobulin and urinary NAG enzyme were higher in the observation group than those in the control group (P0.05), and the risk index of the observation group was higher than that in the control group (P0.05), and the bone mineral density in the crowd was increased with the increase of urine cadmium level. There was a downward trend; (2) further verification of the indicators showed that there was a dose response relationship between cadmium concentration in urine and soil cadmium concentration, and the concentration of cadmium in food (P0.05); the nearer the distance from the source of pollution, the longer the residence time was, the higher the burden of urine cadmium (P0.05), and the correlation between urine cadmium and urinary beta 2 microspheres white egg white, and the correlation between NAG enzyme in urine (P0.05).
Conclusion: the most representative indicators of environmental cadmium pollution health risk assessment are: urine cadmium, urine beta 2 microglobulin, urinary NAG enzyme, main food and cadmium concentration, cadmium concentration in drinking water, soil cadmium concentration in farmland, surface water and cadmium concentration, risk index HI. through empirical study, showing that these indicators can reflect the health risk of environmental cadmium polluted population indeed. The current situation has some guiding significance for relevant field research work, and it can also be used for reference by relevant departments in making decisions.
【学位授予单位】：华中科技大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：X820.4;R12

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