铁路既有繁忙干线车站值班员脑力负荷研究

发布时间：2018-08-25 08:14

【摘要】：安全是铁路运输的主旋律和基础。为确保列车安全运行，复杂的铁路人机系统安全运行的可靠性研究评价成为当前安全发展的需要。目前在铁路发生的各类事故中人因问题所占比例要远大于设备因素。在铁路运输工作中脑力工作占有的比重明显上升，过高的脑力负荷必然影响到铁路人机系统中作业人员的工作成效，进而影响到铁路的安全运转，评价铁路行车关键工种人员的脑力负荷具有十分重要的现实意义。本文选择作为铁路行车关键工种之一的车站值班员，，对其工作进行了分析。通过工作分析，车站值班员在列车调度指挥系统中发挥着十分重要的桥梁作用，是车站行车工作的指挥中枢，在组织接发列车过程中总是面临多重工作任务，例如调车作业、货物列车停留（解除）作业、组织设备单位施工（维修）作业、非正常接发列车等，这都对其脑力负荷产生较大的影响。分析了车站值班员在工作中容易发生问题的关键工作，通过问卷的形式调查分析了影响车站值班员脑力负荷的主要作业环节。选择其中较为突出的作业环节作为评价车站值班员脑力负荷的主要内容。根据铁路工作特点，通过主观评价量表和问卷调查为主要工具的主观测量法评定了车站值班员脑力负荷，得出了车站值班员脑力负荷的分布特征、规律和影响因素，并与车站值班员工作视频录像信息资料整理结果进行了验证比较，形成了脑力负荷结果。依据脑力负荷结果，分析了车站值班员所处人机系统，采取措施使车站值班员脑力负荷处于适当的水平，优化工作设计使人机系统相匹配，以有利于铁路运输的安全有序高效运转。
[Abstract]:Safety is the main melody and foundation of railway transportation. In order to ensure the safe operation of the train, the research and evaluation of the reliability of the complex railway man-machine system has become the need of the current safe development. At present, the proportion of human problems in railway accidents is much larger than that of equipment. In the railway transportation work, the proportion of the mental work has increased obviously, the excessive mental load will inevitably affect the work effect of the operator in the railway man-machine system, and then affect the safe operation of the railway. It is of great practical significance to evaluate the mental load of key working personnel in railway traffic. In this paper, the station attendants, one of the key types of railway operation, are selected and their work is analyzed. Through work analysis, the station attendant plays a very important role as a bridge in the train dispatching command system and is the command center of the station driving work. In the process of organizing and receiving the train, it is always faced with multiple tasks, such as shunting operation. The operation of freight train stopping (lifting), organizing and equipment unit construction (maintenance), and abnormal train receiving and dispatching have great influence on the mental load. This paper analyzes the key work of station duty workers who are prone to problems in their work, and through the form of questionnaire, analyzes the main work links that affect the mental load of station duty workers. The main task of evaluating the mental load of station duty workers is to select the more prominent work links. According to the characteristics of railway work, this paper evaluates the mental load of station duty workers by subjective evaluation scale and subjective measurement method with questionnaire, and obtains the distribution characteristics, rules and influencing factors of the mental load of station duty workers. The results are verified and compared with the results of video information collation of station duty workers, and the result of mental load is formed. According to the result of brainpower load, the man-machine system of station attendant is analyzed, and the measures are taken to make the mental load of station attendant at an appropriate level, and the optimization of work design makes the man-machine system match. In order to facilitate the safe and orderly and efficient operation of railway transportation.
【学位授予单位】：清华大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：U29;R131

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