蓄电池行业铅职业危害现况及防治对策研究

发布时间：2018-10-09 10:20

【摘要】：【研究目的】调查山东省内典型的铅酸蓄电池企业铅职业危害现况及工作人员的职业健康状况，并探讨铅化合物对劳动者各种健康指标的影响。根据调查的山东省内铅酸蓄电池企业职业危害现状及劳动者的健康状况，制定山东省内铅蓄电池企业职业危害防护对策，为山东省铅酸蓄电池企业职业卫生管理和职业卫生监督提供依据。【研究方法】采用现场职业卫生调查、职业危害因素检测检验等方法，收集铅蓄电池生产工艺中的数据资料，对存在的职业危害因素进行识别、分析及评价；并根据GBZ188-2007《职业健康监护技术规范》的要求,对铅蓄电池企业员工进行职业健康体检。在《中华人民共和国职业病防治法》的总体指导思想下，根据对山东省铅蓄电池企业职业危害现况以及工人职业健康检查的结果，结合近些年来对我省多家铅酸蓄电池企业的现场调查和走访所获取的信息，按照国家相关标准和规范进行制定。【研究结果】 1铅蓄电池企业调查结果显示：铅尘、铅烟指标中分别有75%和78%超标；超标点主要分布在包片、涂片、分片、焊接及称片岗位中。 2作业工人职业健康体检结果显示：血铅水平达到400μg/L以上者占检测总人数的7.50%，而且男性工作者的血铅水平要比女性的高；尿铅水平达到70μg/L以上者占检测总人数的2.30%；结果还显示铅化合物只对女性铅作业者血清ALT产生影响（P0.05），铅还可使心电图异常率升高（P0.05）；铅可以降低血清超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)的含量（P0.05），影响能量代谢指标琥珀酸脱氢酶(uccinatedehydrogenase，SDH）的活性，且存在性别差异（P0.05）。铅对该作业人群的血常规指标、尿常规异常率、血压水平、血清丙二醛（malondialdehyde, MDA）含量及总ATP酶活性的影响差异无统计学意义（P0.05）。 3建立了山东省铅蓄电池企业职业危害防护对策，包括以下几个方面：基本要求、生产工艺中的防护措施、防护设备的卫生要求、个人防护的卫生要求、工作场所职业危害因素监测、职业健康监护、职业卫生管理、应急救援。【研究结论】 1铅蓄电池企业主要的职业危害因素为铅烟、铅尘；包片、涂片、分片、焊接及称片岗位铅超标严重，而且焊接及包片岗位的工人血铅及尿铅超标严重，所以铅蓄电池生产工艺的关键控制点应设在焊接和包片岗位。 2职业健康结果显示，在该人群中，可以显现出铅化合物对女性铅作业者血清ALT的影响，铅也可以导致心电图异常率升高,可以降低血清SOD的活性，但未显示出铅对血清MDA含量的影响，，提示，铅还没有达到能够损伤质膜而产生MDA的浓度，SOD可以作为铅对机体造成氧化损伤的早期诊断指标之一；本实验还提示，铅可以影响能量代谢指标SDH的活性，且具有性别差异。 3本研究初步建立了山东省铅酸蓄电池企业职业危害防护对策。
[Abstract]:[objective] to investigate the occupational hazards of lead and occupational health of workers in typical lead-acid battery enterprises in Shandong province, and to explore the effects of lead compounds on various health indicators of workers. According to the status quo of occupational hazards and the health of workers in the lead-acid battery enterprises in Shandong province, the countermeasures of occupational hazard protection for lead-acid battery enterprises in Shandong province were formulated. It provides the basis for occupational health management and occupational health supervision in Shandong lead-acid battery enterprises. [methods] the data of lead-acid storage battery production process were collected, and the existing occupational hazard factors were identified, analyzed and evaluated by the methods of on-site occupational health investigation and occupational hazard factor detection and inspection. According to the requirement of GBZ188-2007 (Technical Specification for Occupational Health Monitoring), the occupational health examination was carried out for the employees of lead-acid battery enterprises. Under the general guiding ideology of the Law of the people's Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Occupational Diseases, according to the present situation of occupational hazards in lead-acid battery enterprises in Shandong Province and the results of the occupational health inspection of workers, Based on the information obtained from the field investigation and visit of several lead-acid battery enterprises in recent years, the relevant national standards and norms are established. The results showed that 75% and 78% of the lead-dust and lead-smoke indexes exceeded the standard respectively, and the overpunctuation points were mainly distributed in the posts of package, smear, slice, welding and sheet. (2) the results of occupational health examination of workers showed that the blood lead level above 400 渭 g / L accounted for 7.50% of the total number of people tested, and the blood lead level of male workers was higher than that of female workers, and the urine lead level was more than 70 渭 g / L accounting for 2.30% of the total number of people tested. The results also showed that lead compounds only affected serum ALT of female lead workers (P0.05), and lead also increased the abnormal rate of electrocardiogram (P0.05). Lead can reduce the content of serum superoxide dismutase (superoxide dismutase,SOD) (P0.05), affect the activity of succinate dehydrogenase (uccinatedehydrogenase,SDH), and there is a gender difference (P0.05). There was no significant difference in blood routine index, urine routine abnormality rate, blood pressure level, serum malondialdehyde (malondialdehyde, MDA) content and total ATP enzyme activity (P0.05). (3) the countermeasures of occupational hazard protection for lead-storage battery enterprises in Shandong Province were established, including the following aspects: basic requirements, protective measures in production process, sanitary requirements for protective equipment, and hygiene requirements for personal protection. Workplace occupational hazard monitoring, occupational health management, emergency rescue. [conclusion] 1the main occupational hazard factors of lead-storage battery enterprises are lead smoke, lead dust, coating, smear, slicing, welding, and serious excessive lead in the post of lead storage battery, and the main occupational hazard factors of lead-storage battery are lead fume and lead dust. In addition, the blood lead and urine lead of the workers in the welding and packing positions are seriously exceeded, so the key control point of the lead-acid battery production process should be in the welding and wrapping positions. 2 the results of occupational health showed that the effect of lead compounds on serum ALT of female lead workers could be shown in this population. Lead can also lead to an increase in abnormal ECG rate and decrease the activity of serum SOD. However, the effect of lead on the content of MDA in serum has not been shown, suggesting that the concentration of lead which can damage the plasma membrane and produce MDA may be one of the early diagnostic indexes of oxidative damage caused by lead. Lead can affect the activity of energy metabolism index SDH, and it has sex difference. In this study, the countermeasures of occupational hazard protection for lead-acid battery enterprises in Shandong Province were preliminarily established.
【学位授予单位】：济南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：R135.11

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