特殊环境—作战兵器密闭舱室内及急进高原动物眼创伤的实验研究

发布时间：2018-04-20 08:49

本文选题：眼创伤 + 作战密闭舱　；参考：《第三军医大学》2003年硕士论文

【摘要】： 实验目的本研究在两个特殊环境—以坦克为代表的“密闭舱室”和海拔3658米的高原，利用实弹爆破和实弹射击现场试验，分别对密闭舱室内乘员(绵羊)和急进高原猪致伤，观察作战兵器密闭舱室内乘员(绵羊)高爆武器伤后，舱室内有害气体、温度、冲击波和全身及眼部伤情；急进高原猪后肢高速枪弹伤后的间接眼损伤伤情和伤前、伤后动脉血中PH、PCO2、BE、O2SAT%、PO2的变化。探讨在不同类型武器致伤后，特殊环境(密闭舱室、高原)对动物眼创伤的影响；以及眼部伤情特点与不同武器致伤效应之间的关系。为具有密闭舱室空间结构及急进高原环境人员眼创伤的防治提供实验依据。本研究分两个部份：实验一：作战兵器密闭舱室内乘员眼创伤的实验研究实验二：急进高原猪后肢高速枪弹伤后间接眼损伤的实验研究实验方法实验一：将60只健康绵羊随机分成4组分批布放于坦克舱内，分别用105mm破甲弹(I组)、海双37mm穿甲爆破燃烧弹(II组)、12.7mm穿甲燃烧弹(III组)三种不同类型的反坦克武器射击坦克前甲板，用反坦克地雷(Ⅳ组)静爆坦克，测定武器爆炸后的冲击波超压和持续时间，及前三种武器爆炸前后坦克内的温度变化和爆炸后坦克内有害气体的含量。致伤后，立即行眼部大体情况观察，并于伤后24小时内活杀动物，同时行全身大体解剖观察，摘取眼球行光镜、电镜观察。实验二：将30头平原猪于2小时内送入海拔3658米的高原，进入高原后72小时，分批用五三四滑膛枪发射1.03g钢珠弹致伤28头猪右后肢，同时测定弹速。于伤前1小时，伤后1、6、24小时测血气，伤后24小时宰杀，并对全身各器官及眼进行大体观察，取眼球行光镜、电镜观察。实验结果实验一： 1. 各弹种爆炸后的温度、有害气体、冲击波超压及持续时间、全身伤情： (1) I组：平均升温7.01℃，武器爆炸后最高温度与爆炸前温度相比差异非常显著(P0.01)。氮氧化物、SO2、CO值分别为20ppm、15ppm、465ppm；平均冲击波超压和持续时间分别为：62.3kPa、3.9ms。16只羊受伤率100%,受伤部位以胸腹部最多，6只羊在肺部没有破片伤的情况下出现了肋骨压痕、肺及心内膜点片状出血。 WP=9 (2) II组：平均升温4.62℃，武器爆炸后最高温度与爆炸前温度相比差异显著(P0.05)。氮氧化物、SO2、CO分别为5.5ppm、4ppm、65ppm。平均冲击波超压和持续时间分别为：31.5kPa、3.4ms，与I组相比差异显著(P0.05)。16只羊受伤率100%,受伤部位以胸腹部最多，3只羊出现了肺和心内膜的点片状出血。 (3) III组：平均升温1.85℃。氮氧化物、SO2、CO值分别为2ppm、0.15ppm、2ppm。平均冲击波超压和持续时间分别为：3.6kPa、4ms，与I组相比差异非常显著(P0.01)。16只羊中8只受伤,受伤率50%,受伤部位以胸腹部最多。另外8只羊大体未见明显伤情。 (4) IV组：平均冲击波超压和持续时间分别为：18.1kPa、0.4ms，与I组相比差异非常显著(P0.01)。12只羊中10只受伤，受伤率83.3%。受伤部位以颅脑伤为主，且均为闭合性损伤。另外2只羊大体未见明显伤情。 2. 各弹种所致眼部伤情及眼组织病理学观察： (1) 眼部大体伤情：所有眼球均可见结膜充血。I组和II组除发生了眼球破裂、眼内容物脱出、角膜巩膜缘穿通伤和球内出血外，I组还发生了眶骨骨折；II组还发生了眼内异物。 (2) 组织病理学观察：光镜：各组均可见角膜上皮水肿；葡萄膜和视网膜血管显著扩张、血细胞淤积；球内出血；部份视网膜神经纤维层水肿、RGCs及内核层空泡样变、视细胞外节断裂、结构紊乱。除上述改变外，经I组还出现有局限性渗出性视网膜脱离、视网膜坏死及断裂；II组还出现有局限性渗出性视网膜脱离；IV组瞳孔缘处的晶状体前囊膜上有类似Vossius环的色素沉着。电镜：内界膜断裂；神经纤维层轴浆肿胀；视细胞线粒体肿胀；RGCs胞质空化，髓样结构形成，出现核溶解。实验二： 1. 致伤物物理参数：测得五三四滑膛枪(射距10米)发射1.03g钢珠弹的弹速为935.06±27.4米/秒。 2. 血气指标： (1) 伤前1小时：PCO2、O2SAT%、PO2明显低于正常值。 (2) 伤后1小时：PH升高超过正常值，PCO2、O2SAT%、PO2值较伤前更低。与伤前1小时比较，伤后1小时的PH、PCO2、BE、PO2差异显著(P0.05)。 (3) 伤后6小时：PH继续升高，PCO2、O2SAT%、PO2值进一步降低。与伤前1小时比较，伤后6小时的PH、PCO2、BE、PO2差异非常显著(P0.01)。 (4) 伤后24小时：PH恢复正常，PCO2、O2SAT%、PO2有所回升，但仍低于正常 WP=10 值，BE负值增大，超过正常值。与伤前1小时比较，伤后24小时的PCO2、BE值差异非常显著(P0.01)。伤前、伤后各时相呈低氧血症，呼吸性碱中毒。伤后24小时，合并代谢性酸中毒。 3. 全身及眼部大体情况：除原发伤道外，有5头猪的肺部可见点片状出血。眼部大体未见明显异常。 4. 眼组织病理学观察：光镜：前房渗出；睫状突水肿，血管扩张、血细胞淤积；脉络膜和视网膜血管扩张、血细胞淤积；局限性渗出性视网膜脱离；不同程度的后RGCs和内核层空泡样变，神经纤维层水肿，视细胞外节断裂、结构不清。电镜：视细胞部分膜盘扩大呈囊泡状，膜盘结构破坏；双极细胞线粒体普遍肿
[Abstract]:The purpose of the experiment
In this study, two special environments, the "closed cabin" represented by tanks and the altitude of 3658 meters above sea level, were used in the field test of real bomb blasting and real missile shooting to observe the injury to the indoor occupants (sheep) and the high altitude pigs in the airtight cabin, and to observe the harmful gas and temperature in the cabin after the high explosive weapon injury in the airtight cabin of the combat weapon. Degree, shock wave and whole body and eye injury; the changes of PH, PCO2, BE, O2SAT%, PO2 in the arterial blood of high altitude pigs after rapid gunshot wound on the hind limbs of plateau pigs. The influence of special environment (closed cabin, plateau) on the ocular trauma after the injury of different types of weapons; and the characteristics of eye injuries and different weapons. The relationship between the wound effects and the experimental results is provided for the prevention and treatment of ocular trauma in closed cabin space structure and rapid altitude environment.
This study is divided into two parts:
Experiment 1: Experimental Study on eye injuries of occupants in closed arms of operational weapons
Experiment two: Experimental Study on indirect eye damage after gunshot wound in pig hind limb speed at high altitude
Experiment method
Experiment 1: 60 healthy sheep were randomly divided into 4 groups in batches and placed in tank cabin, respectively, using 105mm shell bomb (group I), sea double 37mm piercing fire bomb (group II), 12.7mm armor piercing projectile (group III) with three different types of antitank weapons shooting the front deck of tank, and using antitank mine (Group IV) statically detonating tank to measure the impact after the weapon explosion. The temperature changes in the tank before and after the first three weapons exploded and the content of the harmful gas in the tank after the explosion. After the injury, the eye was observed immediately after the injury, and the animals were killed within 24 hours after the injury. At the same time, the general anatomy of the whole body was observed and the eyeball was taken and observed by the electron microscope.
Experiment two: 30 plain pigs were sent to the plateau of 3658 meters in 2 hours and 72 hours after entering the plateau. 28 pig right hind limbs were wounded by 1.03g steel ball fired with 534 pistol guns in batches. At the same time, the bullet speed was measured at the same time. The blood gas was measured at the time of 1 hours before injury, the blood gas was measured at 1,6,24 hours after injury, and the injury was slaughtered for 24 hours after the injury, and the organs and eyes of the whole body were observed in general. The eyeball was taken with the light microscope and the electron microscope was observed.
experimental result
Experiment 1:
1. the temperature, harmful gas, shock wave overpressure and duration of each bomb after the explosion.
(1) I group: the average temperature was 7.01 C, the maximum temperature after the weapon explosion was significantly different from that before the explosion (P0.01). The nitrogen oxides, SO2, and CO values were 20ppm, 15ppm, 465ppm respectively. The average shock wave overpressure and duration were 62.3kPa, the 3.9ms.16 sheep were injured 100%, the injured parts were most in the chest and abdomen, and 6 sheep were not in the lungs. In the case of fragment injury, ribs appeared, and pulmonary and endocardial spots were bleeding.
WP=9
(2) II group: the average temperature was 4.62 degrees centigrade, and the maximum temperature after the weapon explosion was significantly different from that before the explosion (P0.05). Nitrogen oxides, SO2, CO were 5.5ppm, 4ppm, 65ppm., respectively: 31.5kPa, 3.4ms, respectively, 31.5kPa, 3.4ms, compared with I group (P0.05).16 only sheep injury rate 100%, the injured site was the most thoracic abdomen, 3 The sheep had a spotty bleeding from the lungs and the endocardium.
(3) III group: the average temperature increased 1.85 degrees. Nitrogen oxides, SO2, CO values were 2ppm, 0.15ppm, 2ppm., respectively: 3.6kPa, 4ms, respectively, 3.6kPa, 4ms, the difference was very significant compared with the I group (P0.01).16, only 8 sheep were injured, the injury rate was 50%, the injured part was most in the chest and abdomen. The other 8 sheep had not been significantly injured.
(4) IV group: the average shock wave overpressure and duration were 18.1kPa, 0.4ms respectively. Compared with the I group, the difference was very significant (P0.01) in 10 sheep in the sheep, and the injury rate of the injured part of the 83.3%. was mainly with craniocerebral injury. The other 2 sheep had no obvious injury in the other 2 sheep.
2. ocular injury and ocular histopathological observation of each species.
(1) gross injury in the eye:
All eyeballs showed conjunctival congestion in group.I and group II, except for eyeball rupture, eye volume removal, corneal scleral perforation and intravitre hemorrhage, I group also had orbital bone fracture, and intraocular foreign body occurred in group II.
(2) histopathological observation:
Light microscopy: corneal epithelial edema was seen in all groups; significant dilatation of the vineal and retinal vessels, hematocyte deposition, hemorrhage in the bulb, edema of the nerve fiber layer in the retina, RGCs and the vacuolation of the core layer, the rupture of the outer segment of the cell and the disorder of the structure. In addition to the above changes, there were localized exudative retinal detachment, and the retina through the I group. Membrane necrosis and rupture; group II also had localized exudative retinal detachment; in group IV, there was a Vossius ring like pigmentation on the anterior capsule of the pupil edge.
Electron microscopy: internal limiting membrane ruptured; axonal swelling of nerve fiber layer; mitochondria swelling of optic cells; RGCs cytoplasm cavitation, medullary structure formation, nuclear dissolution.
Experiment two:
1. vulnerant parameters: measured 534 muskets (range 10 meters) to launch the 1.03g steel ball projectile velocity is 935.06 + 27.4 M / sec.
2. blood gas indicators:
(1) 1 hours before injury: PCO2, O2SAT% and PO2 were significantly lower than normal.
(2) 1 hours after injury: PH higher than normal value, PCO2, O2SAT%, PO2 value lower than before injury. Compared with 1 hours before injury, 1 hours after injury, PH, PCO2, BE, PO2 significant difference (P0.05).
(3) 6 hours after injury: PH continued to rise, while PCO2, O2SAT% and PO2 decreased further. Compared with 1 hours before injury, the difference of PH, PCO2, BE and PO2 at 6 hours after injury was very significant (P0.01).
(4) 24 hours after injury: PH returned to normal, while PCO2, O2SAT% and PO2 recovered, but were still below normal.
WP=10
The negative value of BE increased and exceeded the normal value. Compared with the 1 hours before injury, the difference of PCO2 and BE value at 24 hours after injury was very significant (P0.01).
Hypoxemia and respiratory alkalosis were found at various times after injury, and 24 hours after injury, combined with metabolic acidosis.
3. the general condition of the whole body and the eyes: except for the primary wounds, there were spotty hemorrhage in the lungs of 5 pigs.
The histopathological observation of 4. eyes:
Light microscopy: anterior chamber exudation; ciliary process edema, vasodilatation, blood cell deposition; choroidal and retinal vascular dilatation, blood cell deposition; localized exudative retinal detachment; different degrees of posterior RGCs and core vacuoles, nerve fiber layer edema, optic cell segment fracture, and unclear structure.
Electron microscopy: some cells of the optic cells expanded into vesicles, and the membrane plates were destroyed. Mitochondria of bipolar cells were generally swollen.

【学位授予单位】：第三军医大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2003
【分类号】：R82

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