康德的社会契约思想研究

发布时间：2018-01-11 05:23

本文关键词：康德的社会契约思想研究　出处：《昆明理工大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：社会契约思想由萌芽到理论的完成,经历了从奴隶制到资本主义社会数以千年的洗礼,为西方近代文明提供了完备的理论贡献。契约理念为国家与社会的建构提供了一种全新的思维模式:世俗性与理性、平等、自由原则的共存。康德是著名的启蒙思想家,深受社会契约理论的影响,他的社会契约思想属于传统契约论,在建立理想国家的模型上他所采用的依旧是契约论的方式。但是,康德的社会契约理论以纯粹实践理性为出发点,其理性主义的禀赋颠覆了契约论的经验主义传统。他的社会契约是一种假设的社会契约,他通过预设契约作为中立方,产生了合法性的程序协议,即人与人之间通过主体选择达成的某种协议,由此产生了相应的制度与约束。自由是康德社会契约思想的逻辑起点。康德认为,人作为自由的存在者,其自身就是目的。人在社会生活里的身份,就是通过他是一个自由者来呈现的。道德法则是人拥有权利与义务的原因,但权利并不能通过经验性要素而获得其自身的概念依据。所以,从自由到道德法则过渡,道德法则再向权利进行过渡,整个过程就是将自由外化为权利的过程。康德将“权利”与“法”的含义做了同等替换,从而使“Recht”这一德语概念具有更为充实的内容与涵义。财产权问题是私人权利的核心,康德明确论述了财产权的建立与社会契约的关系。在论述财产概念的性质上,康德认为财产权是社会契约的产物。康德在关注个人自由与权利的同时,更强调国家与个人的和谐统一。从自然状态向社会状态的过渡是通过社会契约实现的,这一过渡同时也是国家形成的过程。在国家如何保障公民权利与自由的问题上,康德的选择是:相信人。康德的社会契约思想直接导向了黑格尔的政治哲学,并极大影响了以罗尔斯为代表的当代契约论者。同时,他的社会契约理念也为当下正遭遇难民危机的欧洲政治困境提供了康德式的反思。在形式上,康德首次将社会契约论的本质进行了规范性的理想式阐述。在特征上,康德的社会契约思想属于自由主义,他高举维护人之自由与权利的大旗,他眼中的社会契约,就是要通过对理想政治制度的构建,从而使人的自由与权利得到保障。
[Abstract]:The idea of social contract from the bud to the completion of theory, experienced from slavery to capitalist society for thousands of years of baptism. The concept of contract provides a new mode of thinking for the construction of the country and society: secular and rational, equality. Kant is a famous enlightenment thinker, deeply influenced by the theory of social contract, his social contract thought belongs to the traditional contract theory. In establishing the model of ideal country, he still adopts the way of contract theory. However, Kant's social contract theory is based on pure practical rationality. His rationalism overturns the empiricism tradition of contract theory. His social contract is a kind of hypothetical social contract. Freedom is the logical starting point of Kant's social contract thought. Kant believes that man is the existence of freedom. The identity of man in social life is presented through his being a free person. The moral law is the reason why man has rights and obligations. But rights can not get their own conceptual basis through empirical elements. Therefore, the transition from freedom to moral law, moral law and then to the right to transition. The whole process is the process of externalizing freedom into rights. Kant replaced the meaning of "right" and "law" equally. Thus, the German concept of "Recht" has a more substantial content and meaning. Property right is the core of private rights. Kant clearly discusses the relationship between the establishment of property rights and social contract. On the nature of the concept of property, Kant believes that property rights are the product of social contract. Kant pays attention to individual freedom and rights at the same time. The transition from natural state to social state is realized through social contract. At the same time, this transition is also the process of the formation of the state. On the issue of how the state guarantees civil rights and freedoms, Kant's choice is to believe in human beings. Kant's social contract thought directly led to Hegel's political philosophy. At the same time, his concept of social contract also provides a Kantian reflection for the current European political predicament which is experiencing refugee crisis. Kant first elaborated the essence of the theory of social contract in a normative and ideal way. In terms of characteristics, Kant's social contract thought belongs to liberalism, and he holds high the banner of safeguarding human freedom and rights. In his eyes, the social contract is to guarantee human freedom and rights through the construction of ideal political system.
【学位授予单位】：昆明理工大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：B516.31

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