正义思想研究：马克思与苏格兰启蒙学派

发布时间：2018-01-12 09:22

  本文关键词：正义思想研究：马克思与苏格兰启蒙学派　出处：《华东师范大学》2016年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

  更多相关文章： 正义 苏格兰启蒙学派 马克思 共时性与历时性

【摘要】：在人类思想发展的长河中,正义思想不断地得以演化,从希腊的城邦正义到苏格兰启蒙学派的德性正义再到马克思的激进正义体现了这种演化的理论脉络,尽管“正义”在不同历史阶段、不同学派和不同学者那里,其的界定都有所不同,但其发展脉络并非模棱两可。苏格兰启蒙学派作为整个欧洲启蒙运动重要的一支,其对“德性正义”的描述视角,已经摆脱了以往单纯地从道德价值入手,而是融合了历史学和社会学的现实思想。譬如,斯密在《国富论》中对作为商业社会主体的“经济人”进行了大量的经验描述,并率先跳出富人德尚致富,穷人德劣致贫的理论框架。这种现实视角为马克思所采纳和改进,它集中体现在马克思对苏格兰启蒙学者的劳动分工概念、市民社会概念和历史的经验分析法的运用和改进。通过这一现实视角,马克思完成了对社会不公现象的深入批判,并完善了历史唯物主义理论。本文试图以正义思想为视角窥视马克思正义思想中苏格兰启蒙学派的影响因素。首先,在对“马克思与苏格兰启蒙学派”正义思想的国内外研究现状的基础之上,深入考察启蒙之前及发展时期的正义思想。在这一部分可以清晰地看到古希腊的正义理念从经历了从神义到德性这种由外而内的转变,而在罗马时期到中世纪,同样概念也非恒定不变,这一时期基于政治实践的架构推进了概念的演变。到了启蒙发展时期,正义理念已经在诸多学者中被引向了与国家权力、市民阶级、政治自由以及财产权相关联了,从而完全建立起现代性视域中的正义探讨框架。第二部分,在启蒙现代性的正义理念的框架下,挖掘苏格兰启蒙学派的正义思想资源。通过哈奇森基于道德感的正义、休谟的人为德性的正义、斯密基于差异的分配正义,一一展示苏格兰启蒙学派思想家虽然从道德的角度意图建立的规范性的正义理念,但更多的结合社会、历史与经济的现实,从而展开在一个现代市场经济中如何持有道德、正义的追问。第三部分则聚焦马克思的正义理念。从“伍德与胡萨米之争”引出现有的关于马克思正义理解的基本看法,然后从“剥削与正义”、“国家与正义”总体上去界定理解马克思正义的视角。进而立足马克思的文本解读马克思正义理念在各个时期的理解。由此确立,马克思的正义思想并非单向度的,而是辩证的,既有批判资本逻辑、立足按需分配的的正义理念,也有推进资本发展的文明一面的正义理念。最后,论文主要是通过劳动分工、市民社会、分析方法来对比,处理了“马克思与苏格兰启蒙学派”之间正义理念的不同之处,以及相似或者说传承变革的关系。本论文尝试探讨的主题,其价值在于：一方面,它有利于从思想史中把握正义概念的发展脉络；另一方面,它有助于进一步理解苏格兰启蒙学派和马克思各自的正义思想,从而为克服当今中国社会发展中遭遇的社会不公现象提供一定的学理价值和现实启示。同时,它也将有助于进一步厘清当代西方马克思主义学者对马克思正义思想的某些误解,即过分强调马克思正义思想的价值层面而忽视了其现实层面。另外,从正义的“共时性”和“历时性”双重特质来解读马克思主义的正义思想,将有利于反驳马克思关于未来共产主义社会构想是一种乌托邦逻辑的错误观念,从而真正认识和正确理解马克思正义思想的理论实质和现实意义。
[Abstract]:In the long history of human thought, justice thought constantly evolution, from the Greek polis justice to Scotland School of Enlightenment of virtue justice to justice Marx's radical embodies the theoretical context of this evolution, although the "justice" in different historical periods, different schools and scholars there, its definition has different, but its development is not ready to accept either course. Scotland School of enlightenment as a branch of the European Enlightenment, the "justice of virtue" to describe the perspective, have to get rid of the past simply into the hand from the moral value, but the convergence of the reality of ideological history and sociology. For example, in "the wealth of nations as to Smith the main body of the commercial society of" economic man "in" made a lot of experience, and the first to jump out of the rich rich Deschamps, the theoretical framework of the poor de poverty. In this reality as the inferior angle of Mark Thinking of the adoption and improvement, it is embodied in the Marx of Scotland enlightenment scholars division of labor concept, using and improving the public experience of social concept and historical analysis method. Through the perspective of reality, Marx completed a thorough critique of social injustice, and perfecting the theory of historical materialism. This paper attempts to justice for the influence factors of Marx's idea of justice in Scotland from the perspective of a school of enlightenment. First of all, based on the domestic and foreign research status of Marx and Scotland School of enlightenment "idea of justice, justice thought in-depth study and development of enlightenment before period. In this part, we can see clearly the concept of justice in ancient Greece from experience from God to virtue the change from outside to inside, and in the Rome period to the middle ages, the same concept is not constant, this period based on political practice The architecture to promote the evolution of the concept. The Enlightenment period of development, the concept of justice has been to the citizen class and state power in many scholars, political freedom and Property Rights Association, so as to fully establish in the modern view of justice framework. The second part, the concept of justice in the framework of Modern Enlightenment under the idea of justice resources in Scotland mining School of enlightenment. Through Hutcheson's moral sense of justice based on Hume's artificial virtue of justice, distributive justice Simiji in difference, one shows the Scotland School of thought enlightenment although from the perspective of moral intent to establish normative concept of justice, but more with the social, historical and the economic reality, thus how morality is held in a modern market economy, justice and justice inquiry. The third part focuses on Marx from "Wood and Hu. Sami dispute "raises the basic views on justice Marx understand the existing, and then from the" exploitation and justice "," state and justice "to define the overall understanding of Marx's justice perspective. Then on the basis of Marx's text interpretation of Marx's concept of justice in various stages of understanding. Thus established, Marx's theory of justice is not unidirectional, it is dialectical, there is criticism of capital logic, based on the distribution according to need of the idea of justice, but also to promote the development of capital civilization and justice side. Finally, paper is mainly through the division of labor, civil society, comparison analysis method, the difference between Marx and Scotland School of enlightenment" the idea of justice well, or similar relationship changes. This paper attempts to explore the theme, its value lies in: on the one hand, it is helpful to grasp the concept of justice from the history of thought Development concept; on the other hand, it is helpful to further understand the justice thought of the Scotland School of enlightenment and Marx, so as to provide certain theoretical value and practical implications for today's society to overcome China encountered in the development of social inequality. At the same time, it will also help to further clarify some misunderstandings in Contemporary Western Marx "scholars on Marx's thoughts of justice, that is too much emphasis on the value of the level of Marx's thoughts of justice and ignore the reality. In addition, the justice from the" synchronic and diachronic "dual characteristics to interpret Marx's thought of justice, will be beneficial to refute Marx about the future communist society is a kind of Utopian conception the logic of the wrong idea, the essence of the theory to recognize and correct understanding of Marx's thoughts of justice and practical significance.

【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：B03
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本文编号：1413643