先秦儒墨专制主义比较研究

发布时间：2018-01-15 04:28

本文关键词：先秦儒墨专制主义比较研究　出处：《河南大学》2015年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：学术界关于儒家专制主义的研究比较充分,然而对墨家专制主义的研究却相对不足,然而,儒家与墨家的专制主义思想应该受到同样重视。春秋战国时代是中国历史上的一个特殊时期,独特的时代状况为儒、墨提供了得天独厚的思想土壤。旧传统已经被破坏,新秩序却并未形成,时局的混乱与人世的悲苦,使儒者与墨者深感痛心与忧虑。他们一边审视传统,一边为那个时代探寻出路,最终,儒家与墨家都将目光投向了专制主义。儒、墨两家思想属性不同,解决问题的途径不同,对于理想社会的构想也有很大差异,因而,他们通过不同的途径走上了专制主义,儒、墨专制主义思想的表现、目标及维护途径都有很大分歧。通过比较,可以更清晰呈现出儒、墨走向专制主义的不同路径,并且在一定程度上,揭示出百家争鸣时期的诸子共同走向专制主义的趋势。在专制主义的表现上,儒家与墨家都强调,君主为天下至尊之人且独一无二,他独操权柄,拥有最高决断权。而其差异是,儒家将君主与臣民的关系伦理化,以君为民之父母,强调君主拥有天下所有的臣民与财富;墨家强调君主在思想上的绝对权威,全天下臣民应以君主的是非为是非,在思想与行为上与君主保持高度一致。儒家与墨家都赋予君主至尊的地位与最高权威,然而君主权位有一定的合法性来源,君主必须遵循一定的原则,才能维持君位的稳固。儒家与墨家都认为君位来自于天命,也都认为君主应该拥有一定的品德来匹配自己的君位。然而,儒家将君权合法性中的天命依据,落实在君主的功德与民心的归向上,弱化了天的作用;墨家将君权的合法性落脚于天的意志,将君主权位合法性的判定权交给了上天,君主是否合格,由天来判断,君主的不义行为,由天来惩罚,从而将君权神圣化、神秘化。在维护专制主义的方式上,儒家主要采用德与礼的方式,在脉脉温情之中完成了对专制主义的维护,而墨家则主张通过赏善罚恶的的外在强制性手段实现专制主义。儒家认为,专制主义的维护,需要通过人们之间的等级区分来实现,通过物质满足与道德教化的方式,使人们遵守礼的等级秩序,安于自己的位置,敬畏君主的权威。墨家则主张建立一个由贤者组成的统治团体,以赏善罚恶的措施,使天下人在思想与行为上都上同于天子,最终达到维护专制主义的目的。在君臣关系上,儒家主张臣以“道”事君,强调君臣之间的互动性;而墨家认为臣下要上同于君主,强调臣对君的绝对服从。儒家与墨家推行专制主义,目标都指向至高无上的王权,然而,儒、墨通过王权所要实现的政治理想却并不相同。儒家希望君主建立一种尊德崇礼、有区分有差异的等级社会秩序。墨家希望建立一个思想意识上的绝对权威,从而使全天下的人们在思想与行为上都上同于君主,最终实现一种同的秩序。儒、墨两家关于专制主义的表现、君权合法性、专制主义的维护途径及目标的差异,在两个学派创立之初便已经产生,由于儒、墨两家的创始人——孔子与墨子所处的时代背景有很大差异,思想渊源有所不同,思维方式与价值取向也有一定差异等一系列因素,儒、墨以不同的方式走向了专制主义。
[Abstract]:The academic research on Confucian despotism more fully, but study of Marxism on the Mohist autocracy is relatively insufficient, however, Confucianism and Mohism of authoritarian ideology should receive the same attention. In the Warring States period is a special period in the history of China, unique era status of Confucianism, ink provides thoughts richly endowed by nature. The old tradition has been destroyed, the new order has not formed, the world chaos and misery, the Confucian and Mohist are deeply saddened and anxiety. While they look at the traditional side of that era, explore the way out, in the end, Confucianism and Mohism are eyeing the despotism. Confucianism, Mohism thought of different attribute and different ways to solve the problem, there is a great difference for the conception of the ideal society so they embarked on the despotism, through different ways of Confucianism, ink autocracy thought, goal and dimension Support have great differences. Through the comparison, we can clearly show the different path of Confucianism, ink to despotism, and to a certain extent, reveals the various period common to the contention of a hundred schools of thought autocracy trend. In authoritarian performance, Confucianism and Mohism emphasize the monarch as the supreme person and the world the one and only, he only exercise authority has the highest resolution right. But the difference is that the relationship between Confucian ethics of the monarch and his subjects, the monarch for the parents of the people, stressed that the monarch has the world and the wealth of all subjects; Mohist emphasizes the absolute authority of monarch in mind, the whole world should be based on the monarch is not subject to that is highly consistent with the monarch in thought and behavior. Confucianism and Mohism are endowed with supreme status and the highest authority of monarch, but sovereignty a source of legitimacy of the monarchy must follow certain principles, In order to maintain the throne firmly. Confucianism and Mohism that gentleman who came from heaven, but also that the monarch should have certain character to match his throne. However, the monarchical legitimacy in Confucian destiny basis, in the implementation of the monarch and the people to merit, weakening the role of the day; the legitimacy of monarchical power based on the will of heaven, the sovereign power the legality of the right to the heaven, the monarch is qualified by the day to judge, injustice the monarchy, from the days of punishment, which will the sacred, mysterious authoritarianism. In the maintenance of way, mainly by Confucianism Germany and ritual, the completion of the maintenance of despotism in tenderness, and Mohist advocated the implementation of mandatory external rewards means despotism. According to Confucianism, maintenance of despotism, by people between grades Distinguish to achieve, through satisfying the material and moral cultivation way, make people abide by the ritual order, satisfied with their position, the fear of sovereign authority. The Mohist school is to advocate the establishment of a ruling group composed by sage, with rewards measures that the people of the world in thinking and behavior are the same as the emperor, the final to maintain the despotism. In the relation, the Confucian advocate "Tao" Chen Shijun, emphasizes the interaction between the monarch and liegeman; Mohist Thought to as monarch, Minister stressed the absolute obedience to the emperor. Confucianism and Mohism pushed for despotism, the target point is supreme kingship, however. Confucianism, ink through the Kingship to achieve political ideal is not the same. I hope to establish a statue of Confucian monarch de Chongli, distinguished different grade social order. The hope to establish the absolute authority of an ideology, from The people all over the world in thinking and behavior are the same as the monarch, and ultimately a same order. Confucianism, Mohism about despotism, monarchical legitimacy, authoritarian ways to maintain and target differences, has been produced in the two school was founded at the beginning of the Confucianism, Mohism founder: Confucius and Mo-tse's background is very different, the thought origin of different ways of thinking and value orientation have certain differences and a series of factors, Confucianism, ink in a different way to despotism.

【学位授予单位】：河南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：B222;B224

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