从文化角度理解费耶阿本德的科学观

发布时间：2018-03-07 22:01

本文选题：文化角度　切入点：费耶阿本德　出处：《河南师范大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：近代以来,科学的发展和成就深深震撼着人类世界。科学家将科学的成功归根于科学的客观性和合理性。在很多人看来,科学和理性是无法分割的,科学的优越性是毋庸置疑的。但是德国科学哲学家费耶阿本德却提出了与众不同的观点,他呼吁“告别理性”,他质疑科学的客观性、质疑真理和进步等概念,反对科学的优越性和霸权地位,提倡对非西方文化的关注。这些观点使得科学知识增长的标准受到了冲击。这些观点在当时看起来似乎有悖常理,但是对现在社会文化的发展却很有意义。传统的科学哲学家致力于通过逻辑分析或者句法分析实现对科学的理性重建,他们认为只有预设了理性的研究方法,才能得到科学的知识。他们认定科学知识的发现具有严密的逻辑性,科学的准则具有绝对性和普适性。费耶阿本德受传统科学哲学的培育,但是他却反其道而行之,提出了独树一帜的观点:理性的定义是历史性的,时代背景与文化传统的差异造就了理性的不同定义。同时在一定程度上,理性排斥其它异己的原则,甚至阻碍了科学发展的道路。科学实践总是处于特定的社会文化背景中,而作为进行科学研究的主体——科学家们的思维总是受着社会历史发展条件的影响和制约,因此以往的公理和真理也有其局限性,将以往的公理作为衡量现在知识的标准是不合时宜的。因此费耶阿本德提出了“理论的韧性”和“理论的增生”,以期推动多元主义方法论的实现。他试图消解理性、一致性原则、科学的优越性,提出构建自由社会,以此来清除人们思维同质化发展的趋势,改变人类文明同一性发展的形态。费耶阿本德的科学观在当时饱受人们的质疑,但是对于我们今天现代化建设却有很大的启发意义。首先,在现代西方科学霸权主义的态势下,我们应该秉持一种宽容的态度去重视和了解非西方民族的文化,从而实现文化的多元;其次,对待非西方民族文化,我们应该从文化持有者的内部视界去看待它,非西方民族文化有着和科学不一样的表达和描述系统,虽然它们不符合科学的标准,但却具有无可替代的民族价值;再次,我们应该努力消解科学文化与人文文化的对立,为科学注入非理性文化的活力;最后,近代以来科学的优势让中国人形成了一种文化的自卑情节,但是文化本身是无法进行量化的比较的。因此,在科学文化建设中实现文化自觉和自信就有很必要,只有从多元的文化观去审视科学,与科学对话,才能为科学创新提供源源不竭的动力,更好地促进文化的繁荣与和谐。
[Abstract]:Since modern times, the development and achievement of science have rocked the human world deeply. Scientists have attributed the success of science to the objectivity and rationality of science. In the view of many people, science and reason are inseparable. The superiority of science is beyond doubt. But the German philosopher of science, Feyerabend, put forward a different point of view. He called for "farewell to reason." he questioned the objectivity of science, questioned the concepts of truth and progress, and so on. Opposing the superiority and hegemony of science and advocating a focus on non-Western culture. These ideas hit the standards for the growth of scientific knowledge. These ideas seemed counterintuitive at the time. But it is of great significance to the development of social culture today. Traditional scientific philosophers are committed to the rational reconstruction of science through logical analysis or syntactic analysis. They believe that only rational research methods are preset. In order to acquire scientific knowledge, they decided that the discovery of scientific knowledge was strictly logical, and that the scientific criteria were absolute and universal. Feyerabend was nurtured by the traditional philosophy of science, but he did the opposite. This paper puts forward a unique viewpoint: the definition of rationality is historic, the difference between the background of the times and the cultural tradition makes different definitions of reason. At the same time, to a certain extent, reason rejects the principle of other dissidents. Scientific practice is always in a specific social and cultural background, and as the subject of scientific research, scientists' thinking is always influenced and restricted by the conditions of social and historical development. So the axioms and truths of the past have their limitations, It is inopportune to take the axioms of the past as the yardstick of present knowledge. Therefore, Feyerabend proposed "the toughness of theory" and "the proliferation of theory" in order to promote the realization of pluralistic methodology. The principle of consistency and the superiority of science put forward the idea of constructing a free society in order to eliminate the trend of homogenized development of people's thinking and change the form of the development of identity of human civilization.Feyerabend 's view of science was questioned by people at that time. But it has great enlightening significance for our modernization drive today. First of all, under the situation of modern western scientific hegemonism, we should maintain a tolerant attitude to attach importance to and understand the culture of non-western nations. To achieve cultural pluralism; secondly, to treat non-Western national culture, we should look at it from the perspective of the cultural holder. Non-Western national culture has a different system of expression and description than science. Although they do not meet the standards of science, they are of irreplaceable national value. Thirdly, we should strive to dispel the opposition between scientific culture and human culture and inject the vitality of irrational culture into science. Finally, The superiority of science in modern times has made Chinese people form a kind of cultural inferiority complex, but culture itself cannot be compared quantitatively. Therefore, it is necessary to realize cultural consciousness and self-confidence in the construction of science and culture. Only by examining science from a pluralistic view of culture and through dialogue with science can we provide an inexhaustible motive force for scientific innovation and better promote the prosperity and harmony of culture.
【学位授予单位】：河南师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：B085

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