论马克思对黑格尔辩证法的“颠倒”

发布时间：2018-03-14 07:46

本文选题：辩证法　切入点：颠倒　出处：《湖南师范大学》2015年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：马克思从《黑格尔法哲学批判》到《资本论》横跨一生的文本中,多次运用“颠倒”一词。但是对于“颠倒”本身又缺乏详尽的解释与说明。这就对我们理解马克思的著作产生了不小的困难。我们不禁要问,“颠倒”究竟是什么意思?马克思批判黑格尔的颠倒与哲学变革意义上的“颠倒”有何不同?“颠倒”又对马克思的哲学意味着什么?本文将试图对这些问题进行比较全面的研究。仅仅把“颠倒”做本意层面的分析,而不思考它的哲学意义,就无法探寻“颠倒”的实质,因为不管是“用头立地”还是“用脚立地”倒过来还是同一个人,那么,马克思辩证法便会陷入唯心主义僵局。只有层层剖析马克思对黑格尔辩证法的“颠倒”,才可以探析“颠倒”长期以来被遮蔽的哲学意义。本文主要从“颠倒”的过程入手,揭示马克思对黑格尔辩证法“颠倒”的实质。马克思虽然具备辩证思想,而对于“辩证法是什么”的梳理却没有像黑格尔一样形成体系。所以,对“颠倒”问题的研究不可能拘泥于他的任何一本著作。只有对马克思的著作进行系统的了解后,才可能达到对马克思的“颠倒”产生清晰认识的研究目的。马克思在《黑格尔法哲学批判》发现了黑格尔关于国家与市民社会关系的颠倒,并通过《1844年经济学哲学手稿》中对思维与存在关系的复归,奠定了辩证法的唯物主义根基;马克思受费尔巴哈的直观唯物主义影响很大,但经历了《关于费尔巴哈提纲》到《德意志意识形态》的写作后,马克思已经从费尔巴哈直观唯物主义睡梦中清醒过来,认为辩证法不应是建立在一般唯物主义基础之上,而应建立在社会存在决定社会意识、经济基础决定上层建筑的历史唯物主义之上;随着实践观点提出、对人与人交往关系的重视,马克思的历史观也逐渐成熟。历史再也不是抽象自然的历史,而是人的实践活动的过程。在《哲学的贫困》一文中,马克思已经开始用辩证法解决经济领域的问题,并且发现了经济范畴与经济关系之间出现的颠倒;在后期《资本论》的写作中,马克思又明确提出他与黑格尔辩证法具有截然不同的性质——需要把黑格尔辩证法“倒过来”。可见,“颠倒”问题,已经成为马克思历史唯物辩证法发展的缩影。通过研究“颠倒”问题,不仅可以使我们对马克思使用“颠倒”一词的语境与逻辑认识的更为清晰,而且对于我们把握马克思辩证法具有不可或缺的作用。
[Abstract]:Marx from the criticism of Hegel's philosophy of law to the text of "Capital" spanning a lifetime, The word "upside down" has been used many times. However, there is a lack of detailed explanation and explanation for "upside down" itself. This makes it difficult for us to understand Marx's works. We cannot help but ask, what is the meaning of "upside down"? What is the difference between Marx's criticism of Hegel's reversal and the "reversal" in the meaning of philosophical change? What does "upside down" mean to Marx's philosophy? This paper will try to make a more comprehensive study of these problems. It is impossible to explore the essence of "inversion" without thinking about its philosophical significance. Because whether it's a "head stand" or a "foot stand" or the same person, then, Only by analyzing Marx's inversion of Hegel's dialectics can we analyze the philosophical significance of "inversion", which has been obscured for a long time. To reveal the essence of Marx's "inversion" of Hegel's dialectics. Although Marx had dialectical thoughts, he did not form a system like Hegel in combing "what is Dialectics". The study of the question of "inversion" cannot be confined to any of his works. Only after a systematic understanding of Marx's works, It is possible to achieve a clear understanding of Marx's "inversion". Marx discovered Hegel's reversal of the social relationship between the state and the citizen in his critique of Hegel's philosophy of law. Through the reversion of the relation between thought and existence in the manuscript of Economics and philosophy in 1844, the materialistic foundation of dialectics is laid, and Marx is greatly influenced by Feuerbach's intuitionistic materialism. But after the writing of Feuerbach's outline to German ideology, Marx had woken up from Feuerbach's dream of intuitive materialism and thought that dialectics should not be based on general materialism. It should be based on the historical materialism that social existence determines social consciousness and economic basis determines superstructure. Marx's view of history is also gradually maturing. History is no longer an abstract history of nature, but a process of human practice. In "Poverty in philosophy", Marx has begun to solve problems in the economic field with dialectics. And found the inversion between economic category and economic relations; in the later writing of Capital, Marx also clearly pointed out that he and Hegel dialectics have distinct nature- the need to "reverse" Hegel Dialectics. It has become the epitome of the development of Marx's historical materialist dialectics. By studying the problem of "reversal", we can not only make our understanding of the context and logic of Marx's use of the word "upside down" clearer. And for us to grasp the dialectics of Marx has an indispensable role.
【学位授予单位】：湖南师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：B038

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