早期海德格尔的世界观念及其对笛卡尔世界观的批判

发布时间：2018-04-01 20:04

本文选题：海德格尔　切入点：存在　出处：《南昌大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：“世界”概念是哲学史中的重要概念之一,内涵极为丰富,无数先哲从各种不同的角度阐发了自己对世界的看法。海德格尔在存在论上对世界概念的阐释,颇具独到之处。海德格尔从存在论角度,对世界进行定义,明确了此在与世界的关系,世界只是此在展示的境遇。此在在世界之中存在,即是此在本身对世界有就所理解,此在对世界的理解就是对世界的展示。此在之存在不是什么玄之又玄的东西,而是此在是对自己在世界之中的存在活动有一种通盘的理解,就是所谓的前存在论的理解。笛卡尔是西方著名哲学家之一。笛卡尔从普遍怀疑出发,确立了不可怀疑的“我思”主体,提高了人的重要性。笛卡尔哲学使得人从中世纪神学的桎梏中解放出来,高举理性主义的旗帜,凸显人的重要地位。世界是人的认识对象,对万事万物的认识都以人为出发点,人成为衡量万物的尺度。无疑,笛卡尔开创了一个新的时代。他的形而上学的第一原理“我思故我在”成为近代主体得以显现的根基。笛卡尔将世界规定为广延,广延是构成事物空间性的要素。笛卡尔将世界等同于现成存在者,世界只是理论研究的对象。但是海德格尔更加关注笛卡尔哲学带来的负面影响,笛卡尔的世界观遮蔽了真正的“世界”概念。笛卡尔认为世界的本质就是广延,世界只是一个现成存在者,只是一个静止不动的对象,割裂了人与世界的关系,从而造成了主客体对立,带来了人与世界的危机。海德格尔把人与世界的关系放在“在世界之中”的存在论框架之中,重释近代人与世界的关系。海德格尔对笛卡尔世界观的批判,对于我们现代社会具有重要借鉴意义。
[Abstract]:The concept of "world" is one of the most important concepts in the history of philosophy. Heidegger defines the world from the point of view of existentialism, defines the relationship between the world and the world, the world is just the situation which is shown in the world. It exists in the world, that is, it is understood in itself to the world. The understanding of the world is the display of the world. The existence of the world is not a mysterious thing, but a comprehensive understanding of their existence in the world. Descartes is one of the famous western philosophers. Descartes has established the indisputable subject of "I think" from the general doubt. Descartes philosophy liberated people from the shackles of medieval theology, held high the banner of rationalism, and highlighted the important position of human beings. Man became the yardstick of all things. No doubt Descartes opened a new era. His first principle of metaphysics, "I think I am", became the basis for the emergence of modern subjects. Descartes defined the world as extensive. Extensiveness is the element of space. Descartes equates the world with the ready-made being, and the world is only the object of theoretical research. But Heidegger pays more attention to the negative influence of Descartes' philosophy. Descartes' worldview obscures the real concept of "world". Descartes thinks that the nature of the world is extensive, that the world is just a ready-made being, just a stationary object, which separates the relationship between man and the world. In this way, the opposition between subject and object is caused and the crisis between man and the world is brought about. Heidegger puts the relationship between man and the world in the existential framework of "in the world". Heidegger's criticism of Descartes world outlook is of great significance to our modern society.
【学位授予单位】：南昌大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：B516.54

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