历史唯物主义视域下对波普尔反历史决定论的批判

发布时间：2018-05-17 22:40

本文选题：波普尔 + 历史唯物主义　；参考：《华东师范大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：批判理性主义的代表人物卡尔·波普尔是二十世纪具有影响的人物。他对历史决定论的批判不仅在学术界,更在思想理论领域产生了重大的影响。波普尔的思想虽不乏合理之处,但也存在重大理论缺陷,特别是波普尔对历史唯物主义的批判充满大量的曲解甚至歪曲。因此,对波普尔的反历史决定论思想作深入分析批判,对正确理解历史唯物主义思想,坚持马克思主义在思想理论领域的指导地位具有重要意义。要了解历史决定论与历史非决定论论证的关键在何处,首先要了解历史决定论与历史非决定论的含义。历史决定论认为,历史的发展是受必然性、因果性、和规律性所决定。而历史非决定论认为,历史领域中不具有因果性和必然性,不能成为人们预定历史发展的前提和基础。波普尔将历史唯物主义看作是一种历史决定论,在此基础上提出反历史决定论的观点。波普尔在否定历史规律的基础上对历史决定论加以批判。首先,社会是一个独特的领域,人类社会与自然界是不同质的存在,二者具有根本的区别。因而在社会领域不存在像自然界那样的重复事件,不可能像通过对自然现象的研究从而把握自然规律那样的把握社会历史规律。其次,由于人们所描述的历史具有主观选择性,从而与事实上的历史具有差异,因此历史不是真正的历史,也就不可能有意义。再次,社会历史的发展不可预测,它只可能是预言。波普尔提出历史由人所创造,历史的发展受到人的主观因素的影响,并通过假说演绎法不能应用于对历史现象的研究,得出历史不可预测的结论。但是,真正的历史唯物主义与波普尔论述不一样。历史唯物主义认为,推动历史发展起决定作用的是生产力的发展,生产力与生产关系的矛盾运动是社会发展的动力。但当生产关系阻碍生产力的发展时,以及上层建筑在生产力发展到一定水平,前后两种生产关系同时并存的历史交叉点时,上层建筑也会对经济基础产生支配性作用。不仅如此,由于历史的发展并不是单个意志的作用,而是整个人类意志合力的结果;也不是经济一种因素的作用,而是包括整个社会的各种因素综合作用的结果,因而历史发展也是历史合力的结果。波普尔对历史唯物主义的批判有多方面的曲解和歪曲,表明波普尔不懂得历史唯物主义的历史决定论。其一,历史唯物主义的历史规律,就是社会基本矛盾运行的规律,这一基本矛盾的运行使历史发展具有必然性。历史的必然性通过各种偶然性表现出来,历史是多种因素交互作用的结果。其二,历史唯物主义认为重复性是基于社会关系条件下的重复,重复不是事件的重复,是事件背后本质的、必然的、联系的重复。其三,历史唯物主义的统一性是指三大社会形态的依次发展,但这三大社会形态并不是绝对统一,每个民族每个国家也会有自己特殊的发展过程和社会形态。基于波普尔反历史决定论思想的反思发现,虽然波普尔对人的主观能动性认识有一定的正确性,但波普尔在方法论上和理论上却有其错误和危害。波普尔在社会历史的研究领域运用证伪的方法,认为所有的理论都必须经过一切证伪的考验才能认为是真理,这种证伪主义的方法过于片面,不过是经验主义的极端。而且波普尔可错方法并没有将可错性运用于数学和逻辑知识领域,也没有完全脱离证实的逻辑,因而并不具有普遍性,波普尔将这些错误方法运用于社会科学之中,这会导致夸大科学知识的作用,以及对马克思的历史决定论思想产生误解。
[Abstract]:Karl Popper, the representative of critical rationalism, is an influential figure in the twentieth Century. His criticism of historical determinism not only has a great influence on the academic circles, but also in the field of Ideological and theoretical. Although Popper's thought has no lack of reason, there are also major theoretical defects, especially Popper's historical materialism. Criticism is full of a lot of misinterpretation and even distortion. Therefore, it is of great significance to analyze and criticize Popper's thought of anti historical determinism, to understand the thought of historical materialism and to adhere to the guiding position of Marx doctrine in the field of ideological theory. First, we should understand the meaning of historical determinism and historical indeterminism. Historical determinism holds that the development of history is determined by inevitability, causality and regularity. And historical indeterminism holds that the historical field is not causality and inevitability, and can not be the prerequisite and foundation for the development of people's history. Popper will be the historical materialist. As a historical determinism, it puts forward the view of anti historical determinism on this basis. Popper criticizes the theory of historical determinism on the basis of negating the law of history. First, society is a unique field, human society and nature are dissimilar, the two have fundamental differences. Therefore, there is no existence in the social field. Repeated events like nature are not possible to grasp the law of society and history like the law of nature through the study of natural phenomena. Secondly, since the history of the people is characterized by subjective selectivity and thus different from the actual history, history is not a real history, and it is impossible to make sense. Again, The development of social history is not predictable, it can only be prophecy. Popper proposed that history was created by people, the development of history was influenced by human subjective factors, and the hypothesis deductive method could not be applied to the study of historical phenomena, and the historical unpredictable conclusions were drawn. However, true historical materialism and Popper argued differently. Historical materialism believes that the promotion of historical development is the development of productive forces. The contradiction movement between productivity and production is the motive force of social development. However, when production relations impede the development of productive forces, and the superstructure develops to a certain level in the productive forces, the history of the coexistence of two kinds of production relations at the same time At the time of the forking, superstructure will also have a dominant role in the economic base. Not only that, since the development of history is not the function of a single will, but the result of the resultant force of the whole human will; it is not a factor of the economy, but a result of the comprehensive effect of all kinds of factors in the whole society, so the historical development is also a history. The result of the resultant force. Popper's criticism of historical materialism has many misinterpretation and distortions. It shows that Popper does not know the historical determinism of historical materialism. First, the historical materialism of historical materialism is the law of the basic contradiction of society. The operation of this basic contradiction makes historical development inevitable. Historical necessity is necessary. History is the result of various contingencies, history is the result of interaction of various factors. Secondly, historical materialism believes that repetition is based on the repetition of social relations, repetition is not the repetition of events, is the essential, inevitable, and contact repetition behind the events. Thirdly, the unity of historical materialism refers to the three big societies. The form has been developed in turn, but the three social forms are not absolutely unified, and each nation and every nation will have its own special development process and social form. Based on the reflection of Popper's anti historical determinism, it is found that although Popper is correct in understanding the subjective initiative of human beings, Popper is in the methodology and theory. Popper used falsification in the field of social history to think that all theories must be tested by all false positivism to be truths. The method of falsification is too one-sided, but the extremity of empiricism. And Popper's error method has not been applied to the mistake. The field of mathematical and logical knowledge has not completely separated from the logic of confirmation, so it is not universal. Popper applied these wrong methods to social science, which will lead to the exaggeration of the role of scientific knowledge and the misunderstanding of Marx's historical determinism.
【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：B03

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