现代性反思：解读阿伦特《人的境况》思想

发布时间：2018-05-23 10:01

本文选题：阿伦特 + 现代性反思　；参考：《安徽大学》2016年硕士论文

【摘要】：阿伦特是20世纪最著名的政治哲学思想家之一,她对现代性问题的反思主要体现在《人的境况》一书中。个人的经历使得阿伦特的思想总是直接反应了对现实问题的关注,而她在《人的境况》中所要完成的,正是从时代最崭新的经验和最切近的恐惧出发来探讨在现代性的处境下人究竟是什么样的存在物,重新考虑人的理想存在境况。作为海德格尔的学生,阿伦特一方面在该书中对海德格尔的思想进行了清算,同时又深受其思想的影响。她对行动、制作和劳动,公共领域和私人领域的区分显然是从海德格尔解构阅读的思想中获得的灵感。在《人的境况》一书中,阿伦特区分了三种被混淆的根本性的人类活动：劳动、工作和行动,并借助于古希腊的经验对现代进行诊断,认为现代人的境况的逆转是现代社会危机产生的根源。阿伦特提出人是一种“境况”的存在,她通过对人类积极生活的三种活动的细致区分,揭示出与这三种活动相对应的人类不同的存在方式,而现代社会的危机正是由人的存在境况的变迁所引起的。本文共分为五个部分。第一章主要介绍阿伦特生活的社会背景及其思想来源。阿伦特的一生经历了众多的苦难,对自已的亲身经历以及所处的时代的反思构成了其思想的起点。而作为海德格尔和雅斯贝尔斯的学生,存在主义是其思想的灵感之源。第二章从阿伦特关于人的三种基本境况、积极生活的活动和积极生活的显现空间三个方面展开论述。生命是在一定境况下被给予我们的,阿伦特强调自然、世界和复数性这三个方面。与之相对应的人的活动分别是劳动、工作和行动。而每一种类型的人类活动,都有其发生的场所,阿伦特进一步确认了人类活动发生于其中的两个领域分别为公共领域和私人领域,每一种活动都应限制于各自的领域之内,“人的境况”是对人类活动的存在论条件和界限的说明。第三章主要阐释了现代性下现代异化三部曲、现代劳动地位的提高,以及社会领域的兴起而造成的人的境况的变迁。现代化进程造成现代人的双重疏离,即从地球到宇宙和从世界到自我的双重逃离。劳动从最低级的人类活动升至积极生活等级秩序的最高位置,个人返回到内心世界并视经济利益为最大追求。而伴随着社会的崛起,行动所敞开的公共领域没落。现代化进程所带来的结果是人的境况在现代社会的全面倒转,而这正构成了现代社会的种种危机。第四章主要阐述了现代社会危机的具体表现,即消费主义、政治危机和人的生存危机这三方面。在阿伦特看来,20世纪的现代性一方面导致原有的公共领域的秩序消亡,另一方面,新的秩序还未建立,整个人类生活在一种希望和恐惧并存的境况之中。源于此,阿伦特认为现代性危机促使我们必须要直面人的存在境况,努力思考我们正在做什么,如此才能寻找到问题的关键。最后一章对阿伦特现代性思想的局限性和价值所在进行了评析。阿伦特以人的境况为视角,在此基础上展开了对现代性的反思批判,强调行动和思考对克服现代问题的重要意义,这对我们理解和克服现代性危机具有鲜明的借鉴性。但同时也必须承认,她的反思性批判中存在着一定的局限性。
[Abstract]:Ahrendt is one of the most famous political philosophers in the twentieth Century. Her reflection on the question of modernity is mainly reflected in the book of "the situation of man". Personal experience makes Ahrendt's thought always reacts the concern of the reality directly, and what she has finished in the "human situation" is the most new experience and most tangent from the times. As a student of Heidegger, Ahrendt, on the one hand, carried out a liquidation of Heidegger's thoughts as a student of Heidegger, and was deeply influenced by his thoughts. She was in the field of action, production and labour, in the public field and in the public field. The distinction between private fields is obviously inspired by Heidegger's thought of deconstructing reading. In the book, Ahrendt distinguishes three confused and fundamental human activities: labor, work and action, and with the experience of ancient Greece to diagnose modern times. The reversal of the situation of modern people is a modern society. The root of the crisis. Ahrendt proposed the existence of a "situation". Through the careful distinction between the three activities of the positive life of human beings, she revealed the different human existence ways corresponding to the three activities, and the crisis in the modern society was caused by the change of human existence conditions. This article is divided into five parts. The first chapter mainly introduces the social background of Ahrendt's life and its source of thought. Ahrendt has experienced a lot of suffering in his life, and formed the starting point of his thoughts on his own personal experience and the reflection of his times. As a student of Heidegger and Jaspers, existalism is the source of inspiration for his thoughts. The second chapters are from Ahrendt deals with the three basic circumstances of human beings, the activities of active life and the apparent space of active life in three aspects. Life is given us in a certain situation, and Ahrendt emphasizes the three aspects of nature, the world and the plural. The activities corresponding to them are labor, work and action, and each type. The human activity has its place, and Ahrendt further confirms that the two fields of human activities are in the public and private fields, each of which should be confined to their respective fields. "Human condition" is a description of the existential conditions and boundaries of human activities. The third chapter mainly explains the present situation. The modern alienation trilogy, the improvement of the modern labor status, and the change of the human situation caused by the rise of the social field. The modernization process has caused the dual alienation of modern people, that is, the double escape from the earth to the universe and from the world to the self. Labor from the lowest level of human activity to the highest order of the positive life order The result of the modernization process is the overall reversal of the human situation in modern society, and this is the crisis of modern society. The fourth chapter mainly expounds the crisis of modern society. The concrete manifestation of the three aspects: consumerism, political crisis and human survival crisis. In Ahrendt's view, the modernity of the twentieth Century led to the disappearance of the original public domain, on the other hand, the new order has not been established, and the whole human life is living in a situation of hope and fear. From this, Ahrendt believes that the present situation is present. The crisis of generation has prompted us to face the situation of human beings, and try to think about what we are doing so that we can find the key to the problem. In the last chapter, the limitations and values of Ahrendt's modernity thought are evaluated and analyzed. On the basis of the human situation, Ahrendt launched a reflection and criticism of modernity on this basis. Emphasizing the importance of action and thinking to overcome modern problems is of great reference to us to understand and overcome the crisis of modernity. But at the same time, it must be acknowledged that there are some limitations in her reflective criticism.
【学位授予单位】：安徽大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：B712.59

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