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马克思“社会具体人”学说及其现实意义

发布时间:2018-05-25 14:33

  本文选题:马克思 + 人的问题 ; 参考:《西北大学》2017年硕士论文


【摘要】:“社会具体人”学说是马克思关于人的本质的核心理念,从方法论的维度上看,也是他理解人的问题的基本方式。依据这一理念及其所构成的理解人的问题的科学方法,马克思形成了关于人的完整的科学学说,实现了人学思想的重大创新。本文试图通过对这一学说的时代背景与理论渊源、生发逻辑与主要内容、后世的继承发展与现当代价值的系统考察来完整地理解这一学说及其现实意义。首先,从形成机制上看,现代性过程中所提出的人如何在主客体的矛盾同一中规定自己和解放自己是这一学说生发的根本问题。而在德国古典哲学后期,“无产阶级”问题引起青年黑格尔派的关注并成为马克思哲学的中心问题则是这一理念生发的社会根源。上述机制所导致的关于人的学说的逻辑演变是从黑格尔“精神具体人”到青年黑格尔派“自我意识人”、从费尔巴哈“形式现实的人”到马克思的“社会具体人”的过程。其次,从思想内涵上看,这一学说的思想要点有:其一,从现实多样性的统一来规定的个体与群体的关联,把社会性理解为人的具体存在方式;其二,从客观实在性上来规定人生存的基本内容,把人的生存诉求确定为社会实践基础上人的自然过程与社会过程的矛盾统一;其三,从概念界定的方法上看,“社会具体人”的理念规定旨在实现社会中人的共性与个性的基于特定条件的具体统一;其四,从学说提出的理念目的来看,“社会具体人”学说旨在实现关于人的理论的科学性与实践性的统一,其最终归宿是人的自由全面发展。最后,马克思“社会具体人”学说开创了人学研究和人的解放实践的新篇章,不仅促发了后世哲学家关于人的问题的深入探索,而且引发了人的解放特别是无产阶级解放的共产主义运动。这一学说在今天依然具有非常深远的现实意义:其一,它真正扬弃了传统人性论的抽象性,实现了对人的科学理解,形成了人的普遍关怀与特殊关怀的具体统一,对我们今天坚持以人为本具有科学的指导意义;其二,它极力关注人的实践,指明了人的自由解放与全面发展的具体实践机制,实现了精神解放与物质解放的具体统一;其三,它为我们批判各种关于人的片面学说提供了有力的思想武器;其四,全面地把握人的生存现实,对我们今天促进社会发展具有导向价值,对于构建“人类命运共同体”与生态文明建设具有指导意义。
[Abstract]:The theory of "social concrete person" is Marx's core idea on human nature, and it is also the basic way of his understanding of human problems from the perspective of methodology. According to this concept and the scientific method of understanding the human problem, Marx formed a complete scientific theory on human beings, and realized the great innovation of the human science thought. This paper attempts to fully understand this theory and its practical significance through a systematic investigation of the historical background and theoretical origin, the logic and main contents of birth and development, the inheritance and development of later generations and the value of the present and contemporary times. First of all, from the perspective of formation mechanism, it is the fundamental problem of this theory that how to define oneself and liberate oneself in the contradiction between subject and object, which is put forward in the process of modernity. In the later period of German classical philosophy, the problem of proletariat caused the concern of the young Hegel school and became the central problem of Marxist philosophy. The logic evolution of the theory of human caused by the above mechanism is the process from Hegel's "spiritual concrete person" to the young Hegel's "self-conscious person", from Feuerbach's "form realistic person" to Marx's "social concrete person". Secondly, from the perspective of ideological connotation, the main points of this theory are as follows: first, the connection between individual and group defined by the unity of diversity in reality, the sociality is understood as the concrete way of human existence; The basic content of human existence is defined from the objective reality, and the human survival demand is defined as the contradiction between human natural process and social process on the basis of social practice. The idea of "social concrete person" aims at realizing the specific unity of the commonness and individuality of people in society based on specific conditions. The theory of "social concrete person" aims at realizing the unity of science and practice of the theory of human beings, and its ultimate destination is the free and all-round development of human beings. Finally, Marx's theory of "social concrete man" opened a new chapter in the study of human beings and the practice of human liberation, which not only stimulated the further exploration of human problems by later philosophers. Moreover, the communist movement that led to the liberation of people, especially the proletariat. This theory still has profound practical significance today: first, it has really abandoned the abstract nature of the traditional theory of human nature, realized the scientific understanding of human beings, and formed the concrete unity of universal and special care for human beings. It has scientific guiding significance for us to insist on people-oriented today; second, it pays great attention to the practice of human beings, points out the concrete practical mechanism for the free emancipation and all-round development of human beings, and realizes the concrete unity of spiritual liberation and material liberation. It provides us with a powerful ideological weapon for criticizing all kinds of one-sided theories about human beings; fourthly, to grasp the reality of human existence in an all-round way is of guiding value to our promotion of social development today. It is of guiding significance for the construction of the Community of Human Destiny and the construction of ecological civilization.
【学位授予单位】:西北大学
【学位级别】:硕士
【学位授予年份】:2017
【分类号】:B038

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