孔子“时”观念的哲学探析

发布时间：2018-07-21 20:43

【摘要】：先秦儒家重"时"用"时",其思想中无不隐含着"时"的哲学,然而相对其他核心理念来说,"时"观念一直处于"背景"角色。本文试图在天人合一视域下审视以孔子为代表的先秦儒家的"时"观念,探索其来源与意蕴,分析其对于其后先秦儒家的影响,思考其现代价值与意义。文章分五部分,第一部分绪论:介绍文章的研究背景与选题意义,主体是相关的文献综述;第二部分从"时"字着手,围绕《尚书》《诗经》《易经》考察"时,,观念的源出指向;第三部分是从《论语》文本入手,分析孔子的"时"观念及其意涵;第四部分分析孔子"时"观念对后来的先秦儒家的影响;第五部分浅谈先秦儒家"时"观念的现代价值与意义。"时"字早在甲骨文时期就出现了,造字本义是太阳运行的节奏,基础意涵是"四时",有显然的主观体验性。后来的字书中,"时"进一步生出了"是"、"则"等抽象意蕴以及用时意义上的时机意味。早期先民在与"天"无间的生活中,通过仰观太阳运行、俯察万物生息就已获得了"时"的最初观念——"四时"。最初对"时"的理解是即自然即生活的。先民对"天"有一种仰视性敬畏感,"四时"所"示"即"是","四时"即天道之直接显现,而在生活体验中"时"又有了影响行为结果的时机、时宜之意。殷周之际思想观念发生剧变,周人提出以"德"为标准的"天"取代殷商的帝命信仰,人文理性开始觉醒,人的命运受主体的德行影响。反映到"时"上,"时"从天时自然呈现转变为富于人的主动创造精神的"易时","时"观念从源头上有了德性内涵。孔子将"时"具体下落到了天道关照下的道德生命之中,当下为仁用"时",在持续的道德实践过程中终成与"时"为一体的"时圣"。作为研究孔子"时"观念的第一手资料,《论语》呈现了"仁——礼"框架之下道德生命的展开,在主体当下践仁履礼的道德生命实践中呈现出"时"之丰富意蕴。深入文本分析后,可以看出"时"大致有"四时"、"时中"、"时机"、"时命"四种交织的意涵。孔子之后,思孟和荀子两派的"时"观念基本仍在这四种涵义中,但是对于天人关系的理解以及生命价值的成就方式上出现了不同的倾向。思孟一派从内在的性命去上体天道、天时,将道德生命之"时"展开的源头定在了天道所赋的向在性命;荀子从外在的礼治去下尽人分、合天人,将"时"化为后天的礼义教化积习过程。先秦儒家对"时"的理解离不开宇宙生命与人的生活。在天人合一的视域里,"时"表现出强大的融贯性,将天人、常变、断续等存在着张力的因素都包容在内。道德生命之"时"的展开不离自然宇宙,不离生活时境,更源自于天道之流行。"时"观念意涵丰富,提供了关于时间理解的一种新可能;其背后的天人思维为现代社会环境问题以及人的认同问题提供了有益的思考方向。天道关照下道德生命的展开过程,用"时"践仁履礼,把握"时中"之义,成就超越命遇的"时圣"。先秦儒家"时"作为道德生命之展开,关注于仁义中道,有十分重要的人文价值与实践意义。
[Abstract]:In the thought of "time" in the pre Qin period, the thought of "time" is a "time" philosophy. However, relative to other core ideas, the concept of "time" has always been in the "background" role. This article tries to examine the "time" concept of the Pre-Qin Confucianism, represented by Confucius under the view of heaven and man, to explore its source and implication, and to analyze its later Confucianism in the pre Qin period. Influence, think of its modern value and significance. The article is divided into five parts, the first part is introduction: introduction of the research background and significance of the topic, the main body is the related literature review; the second part begins with the word "time", around the Shang book > < Book of Songs > < Yi Jing >, the origin of the concept; the third part is from the Analects of Confucius, the analysis of the text, the analysis of Confucius " "The concept and its meaning; the fourth part of the analysis of Confucius" "the influence of ideas on the later Confucianism of the pre-Qin period; the fifth part of the pre Qin Confucian" "the modern value and significance of the concept" "when the word was early in the oracle bone inscription, the original meaning is the solar operation, the basic meaning is" four ", there is obvious subjective experience. Later, there was a clear subjective experience. In the book, "time" further gives birth to the abstract meaning and the time meaning in the meaning of the time. In the life of "heaven", the early pioneers gained the original idea of "time" by looking up the sun running and looking down on all things. The first understanding of "time" is that nature is life. The "four time" is the direct manifestation of the "four", that is, the "time" in the life experience, while the "day" in the life experience has an opportunity to influence the result of the behavior. The influence of the moral character of the subject is reflected in the "time", the "time" naturally presents from the sky to the "easy time" of the active creation spirit of the human being, and the concept of "time" has the moral connotation from the source. Confucius concretely dropped the "time" into the moral life under the nature of the heaven. As one of the "time saints" in one, as the first hand of the study of Confucius's "time" concept, the Analects of Confucius presented the moral life under the framework of "benevolence and ritual", showing the rich meaning of "time" in the moral life practice of the main body at present. After deep text analysis, we can see that the "time" is roughly "four times", "time", "timing", "time life" four. After Confucius, the "time" concept of Si Meng and Xunzi are still in these four meanings, but there are different tendencies in the understanding of the relationship between heaven and man and the way of achievement of the value of life. From the external rule of rites, Xunzi is divided into every human being, the "time" is transformed into the day after day, and the understanding of the "time" is inseparable from the life of the universe and human life. In the vision of the unity of heaven and man, the "time" shows strong coherence, and the factors of tension exist, such as heaven and man, constant change, intermittent and so on. The "time" of moral life is not separated from the natural universe, not from the time of life, but also from the fashion of heaven. The idea of "time" is rich and provides a new possibility about the understanding of time; the thinking behind the nature of heaven provides a useful thinking direction for the problems of modern social environment and the problem of human identity. The process of moral life is carried out with the practice of "time", to grasp the meaning of "in time" and to transcend the "time saint" of life. The Confucian "time" in the pre Qin period, as the expansion of moral life, pays close attention to the middle way of benevolence and righteousness, and has very important humanistic and practical significance.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：B222.2

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