协商民主观的哲学批判

发布时间：2018-09-07 19:29

【摘要】：民主是迄今为止人类发现的最适合人类自身的政治形式,同时也是一种有赖于思想家和哲学家不断加以理论化的价值体系与政治理想。从政治哲学的角度思考协商民主,构成了一个协商民主观问题。协商民主观的概念和基本理论源自西方,但由于它以社会事实为理论建构的逻辑起点,以理性、交往为概念工具,以政治合法性为价值追寻,体现了对现实民主的批判,对民主真实性和合理性的期待与追求,从而成为人类政治文明发展的共同成果。然而,一方面,由于协商民主理论本身还未得到充分发展,以及它在理论建构上与民主发展的社会和历史的规律性有着内在的冲突;另一方面,有关协商和民主的思想,也是马克思主义哲学关注的主题之一,而且由于我们所处时代的诸多民主问题很多仍源于资本主义制度危机,仍需马克思主义哲学积极面对并给予回答。因此,对于源自西方的协商民主观,无论是从丰富和发展人类共同民主观念和政治实践的视角,还是从建构中国协商民主理论、推动中国特色社会主义民主政治发展的考虑,都需要运用马克思主义哲学进行批判和扬弃。这一观点促成了本文的研究,就是在政治哲学的视域内,对西方协商民主观的本质、价值和规律进行本源性、目的性和方法性的思辨、描述与探求,在此基础上,运用马克思主义民主的基本原理和方法论进行思辨,提出超越西方协商民主观的马克思主义思考,最后对中国协商民主观的基本原理、理论内涵以及实践形态进行探索。论文分四个部分进行研究:第一部分阐释了协商民主观的基本理论。首先对西方协商民主的思想渊源和理论发展做了概括性的描述,梳理和总结了协商民主论者关于协商民主理论内涵的六种主要观点。之后,对已有的代表性协商民主观,主要是哈贝马斯的程序性民主和协商政治观、乔舒亚·科恩的“自由主义”协商民主观、詹姆斯·博曼的制度主义公共协商观和约翰·德雷泽克“激进”的话语民主观的主要观点进行了归纳与提炼。在此基础上,对协商民主观的政治哲学意义做出了界定,探讨了协商民主的理论实质和基本特征。第二部分对协商民主观进行了解读与追问。西方协商民主观的哲学基础源于实践哲学的语言学转向和主体间性,直接来源于哈贝马斯的交往哲学理论,体现了对民主理想与政治合法性、人权与人民主权、个人自由与民主秩序的和谐等民主理论的重要价值关怀的关注与思考。但由于协商民主观理论建构的抽象性特征,方法论上的“理性”和“话语”中心主义,以及把社会事实当作永久的存在,把压制性力量当作普遍和永恒的实施,它在规范与经验如何衔接、民主程序的中立性是否可能,以及批判与实践之间的冲突和解上还存在解释的难题。第三部分超越西方协商民主观集中探讨了运用马克思主义民主观对西方协商民主观所应进行的哲学批判与反思。首先,对马克思主义民主思想的核心理念,以及它的历史维度和价值维度进行了分析。之后,从协商民主观的马克思主义渊源,即马克思主义交往实践理论入手,探讨了两者之间存在的差异中的关联与包容。最后基于马克思主义民主观的基本原理和方法论,对西方协商民主观进行了前提反思、价值反思与实践反思,这种反思既是批判性的,也是包容性的,是对西方协商民主观的扬弃与超越。最后一部分探讨的是中国协商民主观的理论建构与实践探求。首先,探讨了中国协商民主观的理论前提与现实条件。中国协商民主观的发展尽管受到西方民主理论的影响,但其根本的理论基础是由马克思主义民主理论演化而来,同时也源于中国特色社会主义建设过程中民主观念及制度不断深化和完善。中国协商民主的现实条件是民主发展的迫切需要、制度上的独特优势和真实存在的多重问题与挑战的并存。其次,分析了中国协商民主观的基本原理和特征。中国协商民主观的哲学原理是:它是一种实践哲学;它是一种历史的、具体的、社会的存在;它是马克思主义民主理论的新组成部分和独特创造。中国协商民主观的基本特征表现为:它是一个集规范性与事实性、普遍性与特殊性为一体的概念;它是一种民主理念,但更强调一种国家制度建设;它在实践中体现为民主体系的建设。最后,对中国协商民主观实践的若干主题进行了探讨,主要是它与党的领导、人民民主、政治协商、法治国家、公民社会和国家治理的基本关系。从协商民主观的理论溯源、概念分析、理论实质的界定、主要特征的分析到哲学解读与追问,再到超越西方协商民主观的马克思主义思考,最后到中国协商民主观的理论建构与实践进路的探讨,本文对协商民主观做出了政治哲学意义上的思考,这不仅是对西方协商民主观的主要观点进行梳理与总结、解读与追问,更是从马克思主义民主观的视角对西方协商民主观进行解构、思辨和扬弃,从而提出中国协商民主观的理论构想。尽管在内容体系上还不够完整,在逻辑关系上还不够严密,在研究方法上还不够完善,但为全面系统地理解西方协商民主,丰富和发展中国特色社会主义协商民主理论做出了探索性的尝试。
[Abstract]:Democracy is by far the most suitable political form for human beings, and it is also a value system and political ideology which depend on the continuous theorization of thinkers and philosophers. To think about deliberative democracy from the perspective of political philosophy constitutes a question of deliberative democracy. The concept and basic theory of deliberative democracy derive from it. The West, however, has become a common result of the development of human political civilization because it takes social facts as its logical starting point, rationality and communication as its conceptual tools and political legitimacy as its value pursuit. On the one hand, it has become a common result of the development of human political civilization by negotiating the people. The theory of democracy itself has not been fully developed, and it has an inherent conflict with the social and historical regularity of democratic development in its theoretical construction. On the other hand, the idea of consultation and democracy is also one of the themes of Marxist philosophy, and because many of the democratic problems of our time still stem from capital. The crisis of socialist system still needs to be faced and answered positively by Marxist philosophy. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the concept of consultative democracy originating from the West, whether from the perspective of enriching and developing the common democratic concept and political practice of mankind, or from the perspective of constructing the theory of Chinese consultative democracy and promoting the development of socialist democratic politics with Chinese characteristics. This viewpoint contributes to the study of this article, which is, from the perspective of political philosophy, to make a speculation, description and Exploration on the origin, purpose and methodology of the essence, value and law of Western deliberative democracy, and on this basis, to apply the basic principles and methods of Marxist democracy. The thesis is divided into four parts: the first part explains the basic theory of deliberative democracy. First, the ideological origin and practice of Western deliberative democracy are discussed. The development of the theory is described in a general way, and six main viewpoints about the connotation of the theory of deliberative democracy are sorted out and summarized. Then, the representative views of deliberative democracy, mainly Habermas'procedural democracy and deliberative politics, Joshua Cohen's "liberal" deliberative democracy, James Boman This paper summarizes and refines the main viewpoints of institutionalism public consultation and John Drazek's "radical" discourse democracy. On this basis, it defines the political and philosophical significance of deliberative democracy and discusses the theoretical essence and basic characteristics of deliberative democracy. Q. The philosophical basis of Western deliberative democracy originates from the linguistic turn and Intersubjectivity of practical philosophy, directly from Habermas'communicative philosophy theory, which embodies the concern and Reflection on the important value of democratic theories such as democratic ideals and political legitimacy, human rights and human democratic rights, and the harmony between individual freedom and democratic order. However, due to the abstract characteristics of the theoretical construction of the concept of deliberative democracy, the centralism of "rationality" and "discourse" in methodology, the permanent existence of social facts, the universal and eternal implementation of repressive forces, the connection between norms and experience, the possibility of the neutrality of democratic procedures, and the possibility of criticism and Practice The third part focuses on the philosophical criticism and Reflection on the western concept of deliberative democracy by using Marxist democracy. Firstly, it analyzes the core concepts of Marxist democratic thought, as well as its historical and value dimensions. Then, starting from the Marxist origin of the concept of deliberative democracy, i.e. the Marxist theory of communicative practice, this paper discusses the correlation and tolerance between the differences between the two. Finally, based on the basic principles and methodology of Marxist democracy, the paper makes a reflection on the premise, value and practice of the western concept of deliberative democracy, which is an anti-reflection. The last part discusses the theoretical construction and practical exploration of Chinese deliberative democracy. Firstly, it discusses the theoretical premise and realistic conditions of Chinese deliberative democracy. Although the development of Chinese deliberative democracy is subjected to Western democratic theory, it is also inclusive. But its basic theoretical basis is derived from Marxist democratic theory, and also from the deepening and perfection of democratic concepts and systems in the process of building socialism with Chinese characteristics. The philosophical principle of Chinese deliberative democracy is: it is a kind of practical philosophy; it is a kind of historical, concrete, social existence; it is a new component and unique creation of Marxist democratic theory. Now, it is a concept that combines normative and factual, universal and special features; it is a democratic concept, but it emphasizes more on the construction of a national system; it is embodied in the construction of a democratic system in practice. Finally, the paper discusses several themes of the practice of Chinese deliberative democracy, mainly with the leadership of the Party and the people. From the theoretical origin, conceptual analysis, the definition of the theoretical essence, the analysis of the main characteristics, to the philosophical interpretation and inquiry, to the Marxist thinking beyond the Western concept of deliberative democracy, and finally to the theoretical construction and reality of the Chinese concept of Deliberative Democracy Discussing the way of practice, this paper makes a political and philosophical reflection on the concept of deliberative democracy, which is not only to sort out and summarize the main viewpoints of the western concept of deliberative democracy, but also to deconstruct, speculate and sublate the western concept of Deliberative Democracy from the perspective of Marxist democracy, thus putting forward China's deliberative democracy. Although the content system is not complete enough, the logical relationship is not strict enough, and the research method is not perfect enough, it has made an exploratory attempt to comprehensively and systematically understand the Western deliberative democracy and enrich and develop the theory of socialist deliberative democracy with Chinese characteristics.
【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：B0-0

【参考文献】