论孔子的成德之学

发布时间：2018-09-09 11:16

【摘要】：孔子成德之学是孔子毕生思想之精华。通过对春秋时期复杂社会现实的思考、对往圣先贤和当时智士仁人智慧的借鉴,加之自身成长之环境和经历的影响,孔子终于创建了一套符合当时社会需求的、以修身为途径、以家齐国治天下安为追求的“成德之学”体系。孔子成德之学最重要的内容是修身:通过克己内省之功夫反省克制自身不足之处;通过反求诸己之功夫向内求索以提升自我;通过践履躬行之功夫把自身所具备之道德品质向外实践出来。经过这三个阶段,个体的人格修养水平得到不断提升,实现了修己安人、安百姓的目标。成德之学的理想是成人,孔子追求和塑造的人格包括:士、君子和圣人。君子是孔子所追求的最具有普遍意义的人格,具有知、仁、勇三达德。士是另一方面的人格,士阶层亦有其高尚的人格追求和道德修养。圣人是孔子成德之学的终极追求目标,圣人具备圆满的人格和高超的智慧,实现了内圣兼外王。但圣人难为,现实中几乎无圣人。孔子的成德之学是通过他的教学来传播的,孔子晚年致力于收徒讲学,并创建了一系列成德之教法,主要包括:有教无类、因材施教、学思行并重等,培养了一大批人才,使孔子思想得到广泛传播。孔子成德之学对后世影响广泛且深远:孟子从“内圣”方面阐发了孔子之“仁”,开创了心学修养体系;荀子则侧重从“外王”方面阐发孔子之“礼”,开创了儒家之荀学。孔子成德之学作为我国优秀的传统文化对当今我们构建社会主义和谐社会,促进世界和谐发展,树立中华民族良好形象都具有重大意义。
[Abstract]:The study of Confucius'Chengde is the essence of Confucius'lifelong thought. By pondering over the complicated social reality of the Spring and Autumn period, drawing lessons from the wisdom of the sages and the wise and benevolent people of that time, as well as the influence of his own growing environment and experience, Confucius finally created a set of social needs of the time, and took self-cultivation as a way. The system of "Chengde's Learning", which is pursued by the family of Qi and the state of ruling the world safely. The most important content of Confucius' study of Chengde is self-cultivation: self-restraint through introspection of self-control and self-improvement; Practice their own moral qualities by practicing and practicing their own moral qualities. After these three stages, the level of individual personality cultivation has been continuously improved, and the goal of self-cultivation and peace has been achieved. The ideal of Chengde's learning is adults. Confucius' pursuit and shaping of personality include: scholars, gentlemen and saints. The gentleman is the most universal personality that Confucius sought, with knowledge, benevolence and courage. Scholars are personality on the other hand, Scholars also have their noble personality pursuit and moral cultivation. Sage is the ultimate goal of Confucius' study of Chengde. The sage has a perfect personality and superb wisdom, and realizes the inner saint and the outside king. But saints are hard to do, and in reality there are almost no saints. Confucius' learning of Chengde was spread through his teaching. In his later years, Confucius devoted himself to accepting students to give lectures and created a series of teaching methods for virtue, which mainly included: teaching without distinction, teaching according to his aptitude, giving equal attention to learning, thinking, and acting, and cultivating a large number of talented people. Confucius thought was widely disseminated. Confucius' study of Chengde has a wide and profound influence on later generations: Mencius elucidated Confucius'"benevolence" from the aspect of "inner sanctity", and initiated the self-cultivation system of heart learning; Xun Zi focused on explaining Confucius's "rites" from the aspect of "outside king", and created Confucian "Xunzi". As an excellent traditional culture of our country, Confucius' Chengde School is of great significance for us to construct a harmonious socialist society, promote the harmonious development of the world and establish a good image of the Chinese nation.
【学位授予单位】：河北大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：B222.2

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