近代中国转型时代“政教关系”问题——以反思康有为“孔教”运动为核心

发布时间：2018-10-08 19:27

【摘要】：近年来,"政教"问题成了学界的一个热点,引人深思。在近代中国的"转型时代",孔教运动的赞同者和反对者都面临一个问题:究竟应当如何处理政教问题以重建中国政教秩序?依西学,"政教"系指政治与宗教的关系,历史上有"合一"或"分离"等各种政教形态;由于中国传统文化主流的儒教是指儒家教化系统而非严格宗教,因而英文Caesaropapism(意谓"凯撒与教皇的合一")所表达的"政教合一"并不能照搬过来置入中国语境。张灏认为朱子晚年思想发生了由政教二元向一元的转化,并断定朱子所追求的是三代社会政教合一的理想形态。这个判断似有文本解读的失误。在汉代以降的中国历史上,明确主张回归"政教合一"则非章学诚莫属,只是在当时乏人响应,到了晚清却时来运转,政教问题急速升温。戊戌变法之际便提出孔教主张的康有为在政教问题上却持"政教分离,双轮并驰"的立场,表明其孔教主张并不是要回到欧洲中世纪的政教合一,但是立孔教为"国教"的运动显然表明康氏旨在将儒教向国家宗教的方向扭转,其结果必带来文化专制的负面效应,特别是在帝制已然崩塌的背景下,欲变世俗儒教为国家宗教是既无必要也不可能了。
[Abstract]:In recent years, the issue of "church and state" has become a hot spot in academic circles. In the "transitional era" of modern China, the proponents and opponents of the Confucius movement are faced with a question: how to deal with the issue of politics and religion in order to rebuild the order of the state and religion in China? According to Western studies, "politics and religion" refers to the relationship between politics and religion. In history, there are various forms of politics and religion, such as "unity" or "separation." because Confucianism, the mainstream of Chinese traditional culture, refers to the system of Confucian education rather than to strict religion. Therefore, the expression of "unity of politics and religion" in English Caesaropapism (meaning "the unity of Caesar and Pope") can not be copied into the Chinese context. Zhang Hao believed that Zhu Zi's thought in his later years had changed from the dual state and religion to one yuan, and concluded that what Zhu pursued was the ideal form of integration of politics and religion of three generations. This judgment seems to be a misinterpretation of the text. In the history of Han Dynasty, Zhang Xuecheng did not belong to Zhang Xuecheng who clearly advocated the return of "unity of government and religion", but at that time there was no response, but in the late Qing Dynasty, the problems of politics and religion were rising rapidly. At the time of the Reform Movement of 1898, Kang Youwei, who put forward the doctrine of Confucius religion, held the position of "separation of state and religion, double turns and galloping" on the issue of politics and religion, indicating that his Confucian position was not to return to the unity of politics and religion in Europe in the Middle Ages. But the movement to establish Confucianism as the "state religion" clearly indicated that Kang's aim was to turn Confucianism into a national religion, with the result that it would have the negative effects of cultural autocracy, especially in the context of the collapse of the monarchy. It is neither necessary nor possible to convert secular Confucianism into a national religion.
【作者单位】：复旦大学哲学学院;
【基金】：国家哲学社会科学研究基金重点项目“日韩朱子学的承传与创新研究”(13AZD024)的研究成果
【分类号】：B25

【参考文献】