先秦思想中的“听”
发布时间：2019-01-06 07:53
【摘要】：对于听的哲学意蕴的阐发,立足于先秦时期各家各派的思想资源。从理论层面来说,对于听的哲学研究,首先从“何为听”开始。立足于文献本身,其主要表现为“听之以耳”、“听之以心”和“听之以气”、“以神听者”。“听之以耳”涵盖了一般意义上的直觉的听和理性的听。“听之以心”侧重理性层面的听。在先秦时期,认为心在听的发生过程中起主导作用,是众多哲学家、思想家的普遍共识。无论是“听之以耳”还是“听之以心”都离不开人的因素。感、象与听均发生着密切的关联,在这一过程中凸显着人的作用。“听之以气”与“以神听者”是对“听之以耳”与“听之以心”的超越。在《庄子》和《文子》看来,它们是听的最高境界。“气”和“神”的特点决定了听者能够通过听,达成自身与听之对象的融合为一,只是相比而言,“气”侧重于从物质的角度来展现这一点,“神”则偏重于精神层面。借助“脉象”能更好地理解这两种听的状态。了解了何为听,进一步讨论的问题便是“为何听”。听在政治决策的过程中具有基础性。听与礼乐的关系同样彰显着听的意义和价值。听还是塑造理想人格的重要手段,这具体表现在听与德、道、圣的关联中。个体通由听,修德性、践德性,并进一步闻道,体道,践道,最后成圣。听在这里不仅展现为一种认知能力,而且体现为一种道德能力和价值诉求,与“成人之道”紧密相关。如何在实际生活中正确的践行听,是听的归宿。这首先涉及到听的原则和态度。“兼听”和“衡听”是先秦时期提出的较有代表性的听的方法。在听的过程中,听的主体依据一定的标准,对听到的内容进行辨别,进而在筛选的基础上“兼而听之”,这同时体现出“听”主动性的一面。听与言呈现互动性,而行是听的归宿,如果听到的内容仅仅流于口头,无法转化为实际的行为,那么,听的一切意义和价值都将落空。从听与不同概念、范畴的关联来看,它并不仅仅是一个瞬间的动作,更多地展现为一个正在发生的行为过程。正是因为听的过程性,才成就了听与耳、声、感、象、心(思)、言、行、修德、体道、成圣等等的关联,也正是在与这些概念、范畴的互动过程中,听才得以发生和实现,被关注和理解,最终,促使我们通由听体认到一个不一样的世界和不一样的自己。
[Abstract]:The elucidation of the philosophical implication of listening is based on the ideological resources of various schools in the pre-Qin period. Theoretically, the philosophical study of listening begins with what is listening. Based on the literature itself, it is mainly manifested as "listening to the ear", "listening to the heart" and "listening to the Qi", "listening to God." Listening to the ear covers the general sense of intuitive listening and rational listening. "listening to the heart" focuses on the rational level of listening. In the pre-Qin period, it was a common understanding of many philosophers and thinkers that the mind played a leading role in the process of listening. Neither listening to the ear nor listening to the heart can not be separated from the human factor. Sense, image and hearing are closely related, in the process of highlighting the role of people. "listening to Qi" and "listening to God" are the transcendence of "listening with ear" and "listening with heart". In Zhuangzi and Wenzi, they are the highest realm of listening. The characteristics of Qi and God determine that the listener can achieve the fusion of himself and the object of hearing through listening, but in contrast, Qi focuses on displaying this point from a material point of view, and "God" emphasizes on the spiritual level. The two states of hearing can be better understood with the help of pulse. To understand what is meant by listening, the question for further discussion is "why to listen". Listening is fundamental in the process of political decision-making. The relationship between listening and ritual music also shows the significance and value of listening. Listening is also an important means of shaping ideal personality, which is embodied in the connection between listening and morality, Tao, and sanctity. Individuals listen, practice virtue, and further hear, practice, and finally sanctify. Listening here is not only a cognitive ability, but also a moral ability and a value demand, closely related to "the way to adulthood". How to practice listening correctly in real life is the home of listening. This involves, first of all, the principles and attitudes of listening. "simultaneous listening" and "Heng listening" are the more representative listening methods proposed in the pre-Qin period. In the process of listening, the subject of listening distinguishes the contents of hearing according to certain standards, and then on the basis of screening, "both listening and listening", which embodies the active side of "listening" at the same time. Listening and speaking are interactive, and action is the end result of listening. If the content of listening is only verbal and can not be translated into actual behavior, then all the meaning and value of listening will be lost. In terms of the relationship between listening and different concepts and categories, it is not only a transient action, but also an ongoing process. It is precisely because of the process of listening that the relationship between hearing and hearing, sound, feeling, elephant, heart (thought), words, deeds, morality, body and Tao, sanctification, and so on has been achieved. It is in the process of interaction with these concepts and categories that listening can take place and be realized. Attention and understanding, in the end, encourage us to recognize a different world and a different self.
【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：B22
，
本文编号：2402546
[Abstract]:The elucidation of the philosophical implication of listening is based on the ideological resources of various schools in the pre-Qin period. Theoretically, the philosophical study of listening begins with what is listening. Based on the literature itself, it is mainly manifested as "listening to the ear", "listening to the heart" and "listening to the Qi", "listening to God." Listening to the ear covers the general sense of intuitive listening and rational listening. "listening to the heart" focuses on the rational level of listening. In the pre-Qin period, it was a common understanding of many philosophers and thinkers that the mind played a leading role in the process of listening. Neither listening to the ear nor listening to the heart can not be separated from the human factor. Sense, image and hearing are closely related, in the process of highlighting the role of people. "listening to Qi" and "listening to God" are the transcendence of "listening with ear" and "listening with heart". In Zhuangzi and Wenzi, they are the highest realm of listening. The characteristics of Qi and God determine that the listener can achieve the fusion of himself and the object of hearing through listening, but in contrast, Qi focuses on displaying this point from a material point of view, and "God" emphasizes on the spiritual level. The two states of hearing can be better understood with the help of pulse. To understand what is meant by listening, the question for further discussion is "why to listen". Listening is fundamental in the process of political decision-making. The relationship between listening and ritual music also shows the significance and value of listening. Listening is also an important means of shaping ideal personality, which is embodied in the connection between listening and morality, Tao, and sanctity. Individuals listen, practice virtue, and further hear, practice, and finally sanctify. Listening here is not only a cognitive ability, but also a moral ability and a value demand, closely related to "the way to adulthood". How to practice listening correctly in real life is the home of listening. This involves, first of all, the principles and attitudes of listening. "simultaneous listening" and "Heng listening" are the more representative listening methods proposed in the pre-Qin period. In the process of listening, the subject of listening distinguishes the contents of hearing according to certain standards, and then on the basis of screening, "both listening and listening", which embodies the active side of "listening" at the same time. Listening and speaking are interactive, and action is the end result of listening. If the content of listening is only verbal and can not be translated into actual behavior, then all the meaning and value of listening will be lost. In terms of the relationship between listening and different concepts and categories, it is not only a transient action, but also an ongoing process. It is precisely because of the process of listening that the relationship between hearing and hearing, sound, feeling, elephant, heart (thought), words, deeds, morality, body and Tao, sanctification, and so on has been achieved. It is in the process of interaction with these concepts and categories that listening can take place and be realized. Attention and understanding, in the end, encourage us to recognize a different world and a different self.
【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：B22
，
本文编号：2402546
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