类哲学视域下的国家与社会的关系

发布时间：2019-05-27 09:02

【摘要】：高清海先生的“类哲学”思想继承并重建了马克思的“人性逻辑”,是基于对“人”的思考,是对马克思主义哲学的进一步发展。之所以要从人的本性看国家与社会的关系,也正是因为马克思主义从未放弃过从人性的视角来分析人类所创造的历史和人类的社会生活。关于人性,“它所要抛弃的是‘抽象人性论’,不是人性论。”[1]人具有双重本性,即“种本性”和“类本性”,然而不同的人性论观点就会理解出不同的人类生活。如果单一的从“种本性”出发,人就与动物一样,只具备单一的物种生命,那是超强力的大自然所给予的生存本性,那么人与动物一样,都将遵循大自然所赋予的“基因密码”生存、生活。然而人之为人,生命的自主性支配了生存本能,人们主宰自己的生活,以实现生命和超生命的价值,在这种价值的不断实现中,人不同于动物单一的“种本性”,人在自我活动、自我超越的过程中,自为本性依照“基因密码”的模式传递给下一代。在生命的延续中,人类不断的追求更高的人生价值,以实现“类生命”。只具备单一生命的个人可以理解为“物”或者是看作超自然的“神灵”,这样人类在面对超强力的自然界时,需要也只能以群体的形式存在。人的群体本性中,人类依据某些不同的特征区分为不同的群体,或者是依据某些共同的特征连接为共同体,不同的群体组成了氏族、部落、集团,为了争夺各自不同的利益进行纷争,而国家的出现就是为了处理不同利益集团之间的纷争,以维护社会的和平稳定。然而国家作为调整人与人、群体与群体之间协调利益的一种政治存在形式,在一定的程度上控制了不同利益集团间的相互冲突,国家作为利益群体之间关系的放大,国与国之间的利益冲突催生出一个超越于国家的共同体的出现,这就是联合国。尽管联合国并未被所有国家所认可,但是它足以表明了国家之间的关系也同样是一种“群体本性”的表现形式,这种被放大了关系的利益群体继而被神圣化。被神圣化的国家以其特有的政治力量主宰着社会生活,统治并且支配着人类生活的各个方面。“社会国家化在古代和中世纪最为突出,上个世纪的前苏联和80年代前的中国社会也是这种状态的典型。”[2]“所以在古代和中世纪,社会与国家结为一体,国家支配社会的一切,一切领域都具有了政治性质。”[3]从人的本性视角来理解这种“强国家—弱社会”的社会形态,其实质就是人强化了群体本性的结果。这也就造成了国家与国家间问题的紧张,要想打破这种社会局面,人需要强化其“类本性”,破除“种本性”的束缚,继而达到“国家社会化”。本文最终通过“国家社会化”的实现,“类本性”的全面自由发展,强调个人的独立自主的主导性作用,人们按照自己的意愿和目的自由地生活,以此打破“国家神圣化”的束缚,实现“天人合一”的类性存在。
[Abstract]:The "philosophy of class" of the high-definition sea inherits and reconstructs the "human logic" of Marx, and is based on the thinking of the "a man", which is a further development of the Marxist philosophy. The reason why the relationship between the state and society is to be viewed from the human nature is that it has never given up the historical and human social life created by the human nature from the perspective of human nature. With respect to human nature, "It's not a theory of human nature."[1] has the dual nature, that is, "the nature of species" and "nature of class", but different human nature views will understand different human lives. In the case of a single "the nature of species", human beings, like animals, have only a single species of life, which is the nature of survival given by the super-powerful nature, and human beings, like animals, will follow the "gene code" of life and life given by nature. As a man, however, the autonomy of the life is dominated by the survival instinct, and people control their own life so as to realize the value of the life and the ultra-life. In the continuous realization of the value, the human is different from the single "the nature of species" of the animal, and the human is in the process of self-activity and self-transcendence, From the nature of the "gene code" to the next generation. In the continuation of life, human beings continue to pursue higher value of life in order to achieve the "class life". A person with only a single life can be understood as a "object" or a "deity" that is considered a supernatural, so that a human needs to exist only in the form of a group in the face of an ultra-powerful nature. In the human's group nature, the human is divided into different groups according to some different characteristics, or is connected to the community according to some common characteristics, and the different groups form the clan, the tribe and the group, and in order to fight for the different interests, The emergence of the State is to deal with the disputes between different interest groups in order to maintain the peace and stability of the society. However, as a kind of political existing form of the adjustment of the interests between the people, the group and the group, the state, in a certain degree, controls the inter-conflict among the different interest groups, and the state is the enlargement of the relationship between the groups of interests, The conflict of interest among States has led to the emergence of a community that transcends the country, which is the United Nations. Although the United Nations has not been recognized by all States, it is sufficient to show that the relationship between States is also a form of "the nature of the group", which in turn is sanctified. The deified state, with its own political power, governs the social life, rule and governs all aspects of human life. The "The state of the society is the most outstanding in the ancient and the Middle Ages, and the Chinese society in the former Soviet Union and the 80 's in the last century is also typical of this state."[2] "So in ancient times and in the middle ages, the society and the state, the state ruled the society, all the fields have the political character."[3] is to understand the social form of this "strong state and weak society" from the human nature perspective, which is the result of the people's strengthening of the group's nature. This has also resulted in tensions between the State and the State, and in order to break the social situation, it is necessary to strengthen its "nature of class" and to break the shackles of the "the nature of species" and then to reach the "the socialization of the state". This paper, through the realization of the "the socialization of the state", the full and free development of the "nature of class", emphasizes the dominant role of the individual's independence, and people live freely according to their will and purpose, thus breaking the binding of the "the state of the state" and realizing the class-like existence of the "unity of man and man".
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：B038

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