康德的道德自律思想研究
发布时间：2019-06-20 02:02
【摘要】：当今社会的各种伦理规范、法律体系和政治体制日益完善推动了人类社会的文明进步。但是,人类自身却处于远甚于以往的困境当中,意义的缺失,空虚感和焦虑成为人类生活中主要的负面状态。利益冲突尤为突显,人们不得已把希望寄托于法律和社会制度的完善,以求保证自己的利益。但是,社会规范能否保障每一个人的利益是可疑的,因为人们对利益的诉求是如此的变化多端和不断发展的。所以,在规范所不能覆盖的范围,人们还需要做到道德自律。这就是为什么研究康德的道德自律思想对当今社会有着重要的意义。 自律思想是由德国古典哲学家康德创立的。康德为近代西方哲学带来了巨大的变革,而且至今仍有深远的影响。康德批判了传统形而上学,在认识领域掀起了一场“哥白尼革命”,从而建立起严格的认识体系(先天范畴),保证了科学知识的地基。然而,康德的目的并未止步于此。康德全部哲学的核心和基础是自由。他通过发现理性的“二律背反”并对其解决确立了消极意义上的自由,即“先验自由”。同时,自由被康德划入了物自体的领域,其不可知性使对自由客观存在的证明在《纯粹理性批判》中无法完成。所以,他“限制知识,为信仰留下地盘”,即是为自由留下地盘。由此,康德哲学通过自由这个“拱顶石”过渡到实践领域以继续完成这个任务。 这样,自由的实在性只能在实践中证明。首先,康德确立了道德法则作为道德判断和道德行为的最高原则,并通过对道德法则的演绎,明确了自律是道德法则的最高原则。接下来,康德进一步探寻道德法则的源泉即纯粹实践理性。他认为,只有纯粹实践理性是意志的决定根据,理性从自身出发对意志颁布命令体现了纯粹实践理性的自律,并由此进一步肯定自由即是自律,自律性的纯粹理性对于理论理性具有优先地位才能够体现人的自由和尊严。至此,康德掀起的“哥白尼革命”的意义扩展至伦理道德领域,将伦理学的他律性转变为自律性。康德的道德自律思想是他整个伦理学的基础,一切道德法则都表现为意志的自律性,只有这样才能使道德归为人的原因,而不是人以外上帝或自然的原因,从而彰显了人的尊严和价值。 康德道德自律思想的内涵是指人的理性立法的能力,人通过这种自我立法的能力实现了自由的实质性,所以,康德把把自由看作是自律,或者说是理性的自由。自律包含了一些重要的特征。第一个特征是先验性,即自律表明了一种独立自决,排除经验和感情等自然因素。第二个特征是普遍约束性,自律意味着要把个人的准则上升为普遍性的法则,从普遍性中实现自我限制。第三个特征是形式性,这种特征是先验性的必然结果,即排除经验性内容。第四个特征是目的性,理性对整体性要求而产生出了一种目的,但是这种目的不是来自经验,而是道德。 康德构建的道德法则仅仅表达了道德自律。自律作为一种理性的立法能力,表现为人对自身颁布的法则,即道德法则,这种法则只能是定言命令的形式,而所谓命令式就表现为一种“应当”。这不同于自然法则的“必然”。康德以道德自律的思想为基础,批判了传统伦理学中的自由观,认为这种自由观本质上是自然的任意性,本质上是必然而非自由。康德从理性上重新诠释了自由的内涵即自律。他批判把幸福作为伦理学的根据,因为这样会导致道德的沦丧。康德以道德自律思想构建了权利的原则,但是其权利原则着重发挥了自律的先验性、普遍性和形式性特征。不同于权利论,康德的德性论还发挥了自律的目的性,把道德义务作为重要的内容。 当今学界对康德伦理学的研究中过于看重他的“绝对命令”,忽视了对其自律思想的研究。康德把自律表达为“应该”的形式,仅仅展示了道德的限制性的一面,虽然排除了经验内容,但是一旦应用于现实却使经验以不同的面目与形式结合着,比如规范。过分的强调规范,尤其是把康德的道德法则误解为外在规范的内化都是片面的。人的行为不仅仅是按照法则行为的机械运动,相反人类在自我实现的历史中不断地打破着既定的规范,建立新的规范,这表现了人类理性的立法能力。因此,“应该”的形式不是道德的合理性根据,道德的根据在于人的道德自律。所以,康德的道德自律思想对我国当代的道德建设的启示意义就在这里。
[Abstract]:The various ethical norms, the legal system and the political system of the present society have promoted the civilization progress of the human society. However, human beings themselves are far from the plight of the past, the lack of meaning, the sense of emptiness and the anxiety become the main negative state of human life. The conflict of interest is particularly acute, and it is necessary to put the hope in the perfection of the law and the social system in order to guarantee its own interests. However, the ability of social norms to guarantee the interests of everyone is suspicious, as the demand for interests is so diverse and evolving. Therefore, in the scope that the specification cannot cover, people also need to do the moral self-discipline. This is why the study of Kant's moral self-discipline is of great significance to the present society. The self-discipline thought was founded by the German classical philosopher Kant. Kant has brought great changes to the modern western philosophy, and still has a far-reaching shadow. In response, Kant criticized the traditional metaphysics, and set up a "Copernicus revolution" in the field of cognition, thus establishing a strict knowledge system (the natural category) and ensuring the ground of scientific knowledge. But Kant's purpose is not to stop. This is the core and foundation of Kant's philosophy. by finding a rational "two-law back-to-back" and solving it with a negative sense of freedom, that is, "trunk>" private fredom ". At the same time, the freedom is transferred to the realm of the object self by Kant, and its inaccessibility makes it impossible for the proof of the existence of the free objective to be concluded in the "pure rational criticism". Yeah. So, he's "To limit knowledge, to leave a place for faith.", that's for freedom. Thus, Kant's philosophy transitions from this "vaulted stone" to the field of practice to continue to do this In this way, freedom is only in practice. First, Kant established the moral law as the supreme principle of moral judgment and moral conduct, and through the deduction of the moral law, it is clear that the self-discipline is the most moral law. The high principle. Next, Kant further explores the source of the moral law, that is, pure reality. In his view, only the pure practice reason is the decision of the will, and the reason from itself to the will issue command embodies the self-discipline of the pure practice reason, and thus the freedom is further affirmed. It is self-discipline, and the pure reason of self-discipline is the priority of the theoretical reason to reflect the human freedom So far, the meaning of the "vault stone" in Kant is extended to the field of ethics and ethics, and the discipline of ethics is transformed into The self-discipline of Kant's moral self-discipline is the basis of his whole ethics, and all the moral laws are the self-discipline of the will. Only in this way can the moral be classified into the cause of the person, not the cause of God or nature other than the person, thus showing the human dignity. The connotation of Kant's moral self-regulation is the ability of the person's rational legislation, and the ability of the person to adopt this self-legislation realizes the free substantive. Therefore, Kant regards freedom as self-discipline, or is The freedom of reason. Self-discipline contains a few. An important feature. The first feature is a priori, that is, self-discipline that shows an independent self-determination, exclusion of experience and feelings The second is universal, and self-discipline means that the rule of the individual is to be raised to the rule of universality, from the universal to the reality. Self-limiting. The third feature is in form, which is an inevitable consequence of a priori, that is, exclusion empirical content. The fourth feature is the purpose, the reason for the integrity requirement, but this purpose is not from experience It's ethics. Kant's rules of ethics just To express the self-discipline of morality. Self-discipline, as a rational legislative power, is represented as the rule of the person's promulgation, that is, the rule of law, which can only be in the form of a rule of order, and the so-called imperative is a "trunk>" should. ". This is different from the natural law" trunk> "necessarily ". Kant, on the basis of the thought of moral self-discipline, criticized the concept of freedom in the traditional ethics, and said that the concept of freedom is essentially arbitrary and nature." It is inevitable and not free. Kant reinterprets the self from reason. The connotation is self-discipline. He criticized happiness as the basis of ethics, because it would Kant's moral self-discipline has built the principle of the right, but the principle of the rights of his rights focuses on the transcendental nature of self-discipline. Different from the theory of rights, Kant's theory of virtue also has the purpose of self-discipline and the moral obligation As an important content, in the study of Kant's ethics, the research of Kant's ethics is too important for his "absolute command" and neglected The study of its self-discipline thought, Kant's self-regulation as the form of the "should", only shows the only one side of the morality, although the experience content is excluded, once applied to the reality, the experience is in different colors and shapes A combination of, for example, a specification. An excessively stressed specification, in particular a misconception of Kant's rule of ethics, is outside the rules. The internalization of Fan is one-sided. The human behavior is not only the mechanical movement in accordance with the law, but on the contrary, the human is constantly breaking the established norm in the history of self-actualization, and establishing a new norm. The legislative power of human reason. Therefore, the form of "should" is not the rational basis of morality, and the root of morality It is the moral self-discipline of human being. Therefore, Kant's moral self-discipline is a kind of moral construction in our country.
【学位授予单位】：广西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：B516.31
本文编号：2502824
[Abstract]:The various ethical norms, the legal system and the political system of the present society have promoted the civilization progress of the human society. However, human beings themselves are far from the plight of the past, the lack of meaning, the sense of emptiness and the anxiety become the main negative state of human life. The conflict of interest is particularly acute, and it is necessary to put the hope in the perfection of the law and the social system in order to guarantee its own interests. However, the ability of social norms to guarantee the interests of everyone is suspicious, as the demand for interests is so diverse and evolving. Therefore, in the scope that the specification cannot cover, people also need to do the moral self-discipline. This is why the study of Kant's moral self-discipline is of great significance to the present society. The self-discipline thought was founded by the German classical philosopher Kant. Kant has brought great changes to the modern western philosophy, and still has a far-reaching shadow. In response, Kant criticized the traditional metaphysics, and set up a "Copernicus revolution" in the field of cognition, thus establishing a strict knowledge system (the natural category) and ensuring the ground of scientific knowledge. But Kant's purpose is not to stop. This is the core and foundation of Kant's philosophy. by finding a rational "two-law back-to-back" and solving it with a negative sense of freedom, that is, "trunk>" private fredom ". At the same time, the freedom is transferred to the realm of the object self by Kant, and its inaccessibility makes it impossible for the proof of the existence of the free objective to be concluded in the "pure rational criticism". Yeah. So, he's "To limit knowledge, to leave a place for faith.", that's for freedom. Thus, Kant's philosophy transitions from this "vaulted stone" to the field of practice to continue to do this In this way, freedom is only in practice. First, Kant established the moral law as the supreme principle of moral judgment and moral conduct, and through the deduction of the moral law, it is clear that the self-discipline is the most moral law. The high principle. Next, Kant further explores the source of the moral law, that is, pure reality. In his view, only the pure practice reason is the decision of the will, and the reason from itself to the will issue command embodies the self-discipline of the pure practice reason, and thus the freedom is further affirmed. It is self-discipline, and the pure reason of self-discipline is the priority of the theoretical reason to reflect the human freedom So far, the meaning of the "vault stone" in Kant is extended to the field of ethics and ethics, and the discipline of ethics is transformed into The self-discipline of Kant's moral self-discipline is the basis of his whole ethics, and all the moral laws are the self-discipline of the will. Only in this way can the moral be classified into the cause of the person, not the cause of God or nature other than the person, thus showing the human dignity. The connotation of Kant's moral self-regulation is the ability of the person's rational legislation, and the ability of the person to adopt this self-legislation realizes the free substantive. Therefore, Kant regards freedom as self-discipline, or is The freedom of reason. Self-discipline contains a few. An important feature. The first feature is a priori, that is, self-discipline that shows an independent self-determination, exclusion of experience and feelings The second is universal, and self-discipline means that the rule of the individual is to be raised to the rule of universality, from the universal to the reality. Self-limiting. The third feature is in form, which is an inevitable consequence of a priori, that is, exclusion empirical content. The fourth feature is the purpose, the reason for the integrity requirement, but this purpose is not from experience It's ethics. Kant's rules of ethics just To express the self-discipline of morality. Self-discipline, as a rational legislative power, is represented as the rule of the person's promulgation, that is, the rule of law, which can only be in the form of a rule of order, and the so-called imperative is a "trunk>" should. ". This is different from the natural law" trunk> "necessarily ". Kant, on the basis of the thought of moral self-discipline, criticized the concept of freedom in the traditional ethics, and said that the concept of freedom is essentially arbitrary and nature." It is inevitable and not free. Kant reinterprets the self from reason. The connotation is self-discipline. He criticized happiness as the basis of ethics, because it would Kant's moral self-discipline has built the principle of the right, but the principle of the rights of his rights focuses on the transcendental nature of self-discipline. Different from the theory of rights, Kant's theory of virtue also has the purpose of self-discipline and the moral obligation As an important content, in the study of Kant's ethics, the research of Kant's ethics is too important for his "absolute command" and neglected The study of its self-discipline thought, Kant's self-regulation as the form of the "should", only shows the only one side of the morality, although the experience content is excluded, once applied to the reality, the experience is in different colors and shapes A combination of, for example, a specification. An excessively stressed specification, in particular a misconception of Kant's rule of ethics, is outside the rules. The internalization of Fan is one-sided. The human behavior is not only the mechanical movement in accordance with the law, but on the contrary, the human is constantly breaking the established norm in the history of self-actualization, and establishing a new norm. The legislative power of human reason. Therefore, the form of "should" is not the rational basis of morality, and the root of morality It is the moral self-discipline of human being. Therefore, Kant's moral self-discipline is a kind of moral construction in our country.
【学位授予单位】：广西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：B516.31
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