中国城乡二元社会结构与一元法律秩序的实现

发布时间：2018-02-28 10:32

本文关键词： 二元社会结构法律移植本土资源城乡一体化合作的非法律机制　出处：《西南大学》2011年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：中国自清末以来开始了学习和移植西方法律制度的历程,然而,移植而来的法律在其适用过程中却不断遭遇各种困境,要么在其具体的适用过程中被规避或无视,要么无法达到法律的预期效果,甚至与立法初衷相悖,尤其表现在一些农村地区。中国的法治道路究竟该如何选择?如何能够建立一个城乡统一的一元法律秩序?学界展开了广泛的争论,强调中国自身本土资源在法治实现的基础性作用与强调国家法的积极能动作用的学者各抒己见,每一位学者都提出了各种观点论据支持己方观点,却都忽略了法律背后的社会结构背景以及在此基础之上的中国的经济基础和文化背景。法律制度的运作是以特定时空环境下的社会结构背景为依托的,中国在法律适用过程中遭遇的困境,一方面,是由于自古代而延续至今的城乡分割的二元社会结构造成的。古代中国城市的起源和性质首先决定了城乡的分野,再加上统治者有鉴于秦亡之教训,调整了对农村的统治策略,客观上促成了古代政治型的二元社会结构的形成。及至新中国成立,由于国内外政治环境的压力,优先发展重工业的战略和在农村中推行的集体化等一系列措施使得城乡分割的二元社会结构不但未有消亡,反而以经济型二元社会结构的形式得到加强。于是,在这样的城乡二元社会结构背景下,所移植的源自西方工商业发达国家的法律制度在中国城市中人们的市场行为中得到了相对顺利的施行,保障了中国市场经济的发展；而在相对更趋传统和封闭的农村社会,经济基础的差异和文化观念的隔阂使得法律不可避免的落入了部分失效的困境。通过对发生在农村中的一些纠纷解决办法的案例分析可以看到,在解决纠纷中究竟应以民间法为解决路径,还是坚持国家制定法的统一适用,在很大程度上取决于案件的具体情况,具有较大的随意性。而法治的基本要求就在于法律制度的统一性和平等适用性。中国一元法律秩序无法实现的关键问题就在于城市和农村间经济文化基础的巨大差异使得法律的运行缺乏一个统一的平台和保障法律能够顺利被接受的经济文化基础要素。无论是采取移植西方国家法律的方式,还是以本土资源为基础制定法律,都需要充分考虑法律制度在统一的社会结构基础之上同其自身的经济基础和文化背景相契合。只有如此,方才能够收到法的公平正义价值同效益价值的最大可能的统一元法律秩序的实现既不是简单的让农村同城市一样来适应移植自西方的法律制度,也不是来让城市去适应农村的乡规民俗。中国的“理想法律图景”究竟是何样需要所有国人的共同选择、反复博弈,最终达至一个符合最大多数人需求和利益的法律图景。而若要实现此一目的,首先要做的是改革现行的户籍和土地管理制度,建立城乡一体的劳动力和土地要素市场,以此来打破城乡二元社会结构的坚冰,为城乡间的互动与交流创造条件。同时,在中国当前经济发展和人民收入水平较低的背景下,基于博弈和信息理论的应用,通过制度设计,法律可以创造条件来建立一套合作的非法律机制,通过这套机制可以最大限度的引导人们进行合作并且实现稳定的社会秩序。这也同中国传统法律文化中强调合作的观念相吻合,从而为中国能够低成本高效益的实现法律秩序提供了一个有益的解决路径。
[Abstract]:China since the late Qing Dynasty started the course, learning and transplantation of western legal system and legal transplantation, however, in the course of the application has encountered a variety of difficulties, either to avoid or ignore the specific application process, or can not achieve the desired effect of the law, and even contrary to the legislative intention, especially in some the rule of law in rural areas. The road Chinese exactly how to choose? How to establish a unified unitary legal order? Scholars launched an extensive debate on its local resources in China scholars each one airs his own views active role of the basic realization of the rule of law and stressed, every scholar put forward various perspectives of arguments in support of one's own point of view, but ignore the social background behind the law and on the basis of the China economic base and cultural background.
The operation of the legal system is based on the background of social structure in specific time and space environment as the basis, Chinese encountered in the application of the law in the process of the plight of the one hand, is due to two yuan of social structure since ancient times and the continuation of the separation of urban and rural areas. The origin and nature of the ancient city Chinese first determine the division of urban and rural, and with the rulers have given lessons perished, and adjust the rural ruling strategy, the objective is to promote the formation of the two element social structure of ancient political type. Then the new Chinese was established, due to the political environment pressure at home and abroad, a series of measures to give priority to the heavy industry development strategy and implementation in the rural areas of the collective. The two yuan of social division of urban and rural structure has not disappeared, but in the economy two yuan of social structure form has been strengthened. Thus, in the two urban and rural dual social structure background, transplant source The legal system of the western developed countries since the industry has been relatively well implemented in the China city market behavior of people, guarantee the development of China market economy; while in the relatively more traditional and closed rural society, the gap difference of economic foundation and culture makes the law inevitably invalid in some trouble.
Through the analysis we can see some of the disputes in the rural areas in the solution of the case, in settling the dispute whether it should be to the folk law to solve the path, or adhere to the state law, the specific situation depends largely on the case, has great randomness. And the basic requirement of the rule of law lies in the unity and equality of law system. Great differences in key issues China unitary legal order can not be achieved in city and rural economic and cultural foundation makes the operation of the law lack of a unified platform and guarantee law can be accepted by the economic and cultural elements. Whether it is to take the law of western countries the way, or to the local resources as a basis for law, need to fully consider the legal system on the basis of social structure unity with its own economic base and the Only in this way can it be possible to receive the greatest possible unification of the fair and just value of the law and the value of the benefit.
The realization of legal order is not so simple as to adapt to the city legal system from the west of the transplant, also not to let the city to adapt to the golden rule in rural areas. Chinese "Ideal Legal prospect" what needs all Chinese's common choice, repeated game, finally reached a meet the needs and interests of most people's legal picture. To achieve this goal, the first thing to do is to reform the existing household registration and land management system, establishing the integration of urban and rural labor force and land market, in order to break the two urban and rural social structure of the ice, and create conditions for the interaction between cities and countryside. At the same time, Chinese in current economic development and people's income level is relatively low in the background, the application of game theory and information theory based on the design of the system, non legal mechanisms can create conditions to establish a set of cooperation Through this mechanism, can guide people to cooperate and achieve a stable social order. This is also the same Chinese in traditional legal culture emphasizes the concept of cooperation is consistent, thus providing a useful path to the realization of legal order of low cost and high efficiency as the China can.

【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D920.0

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