法律文书情绪语言的认知研究

发布时间：2018-02-28 15:16

本文关键词： 情绪语言决策目的原则概念整合评价系统力动态情绪图式个体差异心理语境　出处：《华中师范大学》2012年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：情绪是人类精神生活的家园。情绪研究是一个古老又年轻的话题,研究文献浩如烟海。中外早期的哲学思想和理论都对情绪论述颇丰。当代的认知科学的研究前沿正从冷认知向热认知(情绪)转移。法学界和法律界越来越多的有识之士开始关注情绪在法律中的作用和地位。从语言角度研究情绪的领域也不少,情绪心理学、人类学、经济学、社会学和语言学等都有对情绪语言进行研究的分支领域,如发展心理学、经济决策学、话语分析、认知语言学和评价理论等。这些领域的研究分别揭示了情绪语言的社会、文化、目的和认知关联的一些侧面,反映出不尽相同的对情绪语言的界定和理解,也反映了各自不尽相同的理论站位和学科局限。此外,情绪语言的研究语料多为日常话语,绝少有法律语境中的语料。法律语言的机构性和利益攸关性赋予了它特殊的研究价值。Martin和Dijk都分别提倡通过法律语言的研究来验证和补充自己的评价理论和语境理论。鉴于法学的语言学转向以及它对情绪心理的关注,研究法律语篇中的情绪语言将有望对语言学和法学产生一些启示。本研究就是在此背景下的一种理论和实践上的双重探索。通过田野调查、访谈、文献研读和语篇对比,我们发现法律文书中同一语言主体在不同阶段或时刻对同一现象、事件和事物可能选择不同的语言表述。不同语言主体对同一现象、事件和事物的语言表述方式也可能不尽相同。这些不同的表述可能表达了不同的情绪,也可能引发不同的情绪反应,因此都是情绪语言。这些情绪语言的区别在于情绪强度和显隐度的区别。我们根据显隐度的区别提出法律语境的情绪语言分为元情绪语言、具体情绪的语言、显性的情绪性语言和隐性的情绪性语言,前三者都是显性情绪语言。这些不同形态的情绪语言在法律语篇中相互印证,是情绪图式的不同组成部分,它们共同编织出一面情绪网络。法律能提供给语言学的最有意义的资源可能不是语言本体研究的资源,而是语言选择的机制。法律语境中的语言选择是语言主体的生物适应性和主观能动性充分显示的过程,这就是语言选择的目的性。目的是认知选择中的理想图式。语言选择中的主体间性和顺应性则通过不同诉讼主体和参与人之间的目的互动表现,排序上仅次于目的性,是目的追求中的社会规则适应,是选择的参照空间。情绪语言的选择也不例外。不同情绪语言形态的选择就是不同的概念化方式。这些不同的概念化方式体现了目的导向的概念整合模式。情绪语言选择的内容是不同主题和话题的情绪语言。情绪语言选择参照的是法律或社会文化等空间的规则,展示的是情绪主体的情绪内在体验、情绪外显表现或其它“客观”的概念。被选择的情绪语言的目的是为了在现实空间形成对语言选择主体有益的语用暗示,这就是语言选择主体的目的理想图式。法律对不同主题和话题的情绪语言的权重不尽相同,语言选择主体就会相应对它们做出优劣排序。首先是参照空间的选择,法律空间的判断高于社会文化空间的判断,而社会文化空间的判断高于亚文化和个体空间的判断。其次,根据不同的语言形态和义素的法律意义对语言的备选项进行比较和排序。对犯罪嫌疑人和被告方而言,对己方的犯罪行为和心理进行描述时,情绪语言在语用功能上的排序从大到小分别是：正面评价的情绪语言(抱不平、反抗等)——无标记的隐性情绪语言即不涉及心理的客观动作和状态语言(刀子落到他身上)——低情绪激起的有标记的隐性情绪性语言(话不投机等)——被动和弱势的具体情绪(伤心、害怕、痛苦)——模糊的更强势情绪(不舒服、不甘心)——激情、冲动——怒(不同的“怒”又有主被动和力量大小等力动态特征方面的差异)——愤恨——恨(不同的“恨”也有主被动和力量大小等力动态特征方面的差异)——怀恨——嫉妒——贪婪(杀人劫财)——凶狠的毫无理由的滥杀。该序列参照法律空间的评价排序从非情绪主题到情绪主题,同一主题按照不同的话题排列其优劣。原告方对被告方犯罪情绪的概念化方式排序很可能与此相反。机构会尽量选择无标记的隐性情绪性语言,证明机构的法律判断时也会选择显性的情绪性语言(如“砍刺”)、具体情绪的语言和元情绪语言。语言选择主体会根据语境因素从这个序列中选择出特定语境下最合目的的语言表述。这个概念化过程就是概念的取舍、压缩和整合,是对不同的输入空间及其元素进行选择性投射和压缩而形成的整合或曰概念化。情绪语言的选择过程本身存在着认知压缩和整合,被选择的情绪语言(如“蓄意”等)也是压缩和整合的结果,。认知和语言的压缩性与整合性是法律语境中语言冲突的主要原因,也是目的追求的首要认知工具。情绪语言选择的备选项和影响因素中,一类是认知主体主动选择和考虑的,如目的、已知的情绪心理知识、法律知识、语言知识包括体裁知识、对方权势、社会规范等心理语境因素。如果认知主体的脚本知识足够,就能做出正确的语言选择,进行成功的概念整合。另一类是影响了其认知过程的、极可能是无意识的因素,如人格,个体历史,未知的社会、法律、语言知识等。它们是产生不合目的的、自证其罪的语言的原因。不合目的的错误的语言选择并不是说明语言选择的无目的性。即便是这种失败的语言选择,也往往是有一个目的理想图式指导的,只是该图式与社会认知中的理想认知模式有区别,而这种区别导致了失败的不合目的的语言选择。通过对比同一主体对同一情绪相关现象、行为和心理的不同概念化方式,以及对比同一主体在不同语篇和环境(包括对象和阶段)中的语言选择区别,本研究发现情绪语言选择具有动态的发展变化特征,在司法过程的不同阶段和时期呈现出情绪语言的阶段性特征,反应了情景和状态等语境因素的变化带来的认知心理的发展和策略的变化。有一类情节的问答中,每一次的询问和讯问都比上一次要更接近客观事实,语篇在情绪动机和证据上更连贯。另一类情节的问答中,原被告的语言选择越来越具策略性和目的性。这是机构和各诉讼主体间不同目的之间博弈的结果。同一语言选择主体对不同的交互对象也会选择不同的情绪语言,这反应了语言选择的主体间性。另外,交际目的的确定也会参照交互对象和情境状态等,它们都可能影响语言选择。不同体裁对情绪语言的选择也有影响,这是社会规则的约束。本研究的语料反映了语言选择的认知、社会和目的约束的共相,也能反映语言选择的殊相。本研究提出的情绪语言的分类框架和选择模式较为全面的考虑了法律语篇中情绪语言的复杂性,在一定程度上验证和补充了目的原则、概念整合理论、评价理论和语境理论的研究,亦有望对法理学和法律实践提供一些启示。
[Abstract]:Emotion is the spiritual life of the home. The emotion research is an old and young topic, research literature. The early philosophy thought and the multitude of emotions has rich discourse theory of Chinese and foreign contemporary cognitive science. The research frontier is from cold to hot cognitive cognition (emotional). More and more legal profession, a person with breadth of vision. The beginning and status in the law of the effect of emotional attention. Research on emotion from the angle of language field is also a lot of emotional psychology, anthropology, economics, sociology and linguistics have branches of emotional language, such as the development of psychology, economic decision theory, discourse analysis, cognitive linguistics and the research assessment theory. The field respectively reveals the emotional language of social, cultural, and some of the side to cognitive relevance, reflect the different emotional language definition and understanding, but also anti Reflects their different theoretical stance and discipline limitations. In addition, the research corpus emotional language mostly daily discourse, there are few in the context of law corpus. The legal language institutions and relevant to its special value of.Martin and Dijk were all advocates of through legal language and to verify add their own evaluation theory and context theory. In view of the steering law linguistics and its focus on the emotional and psychological research, legal texts, emotional language would be expected to produce some enlightenment on linguistics and law. The exploration of both a theory and practice of this study is under this background on.
Through field investigation, interview, literature study and contrastive discourse, we find the same subject in legal documents in the language or in different stages of the same time, events and things may choose different languages. The same phenomenon in different language subject, events and things language expressions are not the same. These different expressions may express different emotions, but also may lead to different emotional reactions, so are the language of emotion. The difference between these emotions of language lies in the emotional intensity and the difference between implicit degree. According to the difference between the implicit degree provided legal context emotional language is divided into meta mood specific language, the language of emotion. The emotional language, dominant and recessive emotional language, the former three are the dominant emotional language. These different forms of emotional language each other in the legal discourse, is not the same emotional schema composition Part of them together weave an emotional network.
The law can provide the most meaningful linguistic resources may not be the language of ontology research resources, but the mechanism of the choice of language. In the context of law language selection is the process of the language subject biological adaptability and subjective initiative fully displayed, this is the purpose of language choice. The purpose is to select the ideal cognitive schema. The purpose of interactive language choice between subject and compliance through different litigation subject and participation among people, ranking second only to the purpose, is to pursue the social adaptation rules, is the choice of the reference space. Emotional language choice is no exception. Different emotional form of language choice is a different concept. These different concepts of embodies the concept of objective oriented integration mode. The content of emotional language choice is different themes and topics of emotional language and emotional language. Choose the reference is legal or social culture space rules, shows the emotional inner experience of emotion emotional subject, explicit performance or other "objective" concept. The selected emotional language is for the purpose of language is beneficial to the choice of the main language form in the real space implies that this is ideal choice of language the schema of the subject.
The weight of emotional language on different topics and topic of the law is not the same, the subject will make the corresponding language selection ordering them. First is the reference to the choice of space, space law judgment is higher than social cultural space and cultural space of social judgment, the judgment is higher than that of sub culture and individual space judgment. Secondly, comparison and according to the sort of legal significance of language form and different sememe of language options. For criminal suspects and defendants on the criminal behavior and psychological description, emotional language in pragmatic functions of the order from big to small are: positive emotional language (baobuping, resistance): the implicit emotional language unmarked that does not involve the objective psychological action and state language (knife over him) - low emotion aroused the implicit emotional words mark language (words Not speculative) - specific emotional passive and vulnerable (sad, fear, pain) -- strong emotions fuzzy (uncomfortable, unwilling) - passion, impulse, anger (different "anger" and passive force and strength of the size of the dynamic characteristics of the difference -- resentment - hate (different) "hate" is also the main force and the size of passive dynamic characteristics of the force difference) - - bitter jealousy - greed (killing robbing) - killing no reason for the fierce. Evaluation of the sequence reference legal space for sorting from non emotional themes to the emotional theme, the same topic according to different topics arranged in their performance.
The plaintiff to the defendant criminal concept of emotional sorting is contrary. Institutions will try to choose the hidden emotional language unmarked, proof of legal judgment mechanism will select the dominant emotional language (such as "stab"), language and language specific meta mood emotion. The selection of the main language according to the contextual factors from the sequence selection of particular context the purpose of language expression. The concept of process is the concept of choice, compression and integration, is a selective projection and integration or conceptual compression and the formation of the input space and the different elements of the selection process. The emotional language itself exists and compression the integration of cognition, the selected language of emotion (such as "deliberate") is compressed and the integration of cognition and language. Compression and integration is the main language in the context of conflict of laws The cause is also the primary cognitive tool for the pursuit of the purpose.
The factors of emotional language selection options and effects, one is the cognitive subject initiative choice and consideration, such as the purpose, known emotional and psychological knowledge, legal knowledge, language knowledge including genre knowledge, other contextual factors of psychological power, social norms and so on. If the main body of the Cognitive Script knowledge enough, can make the correct language selection, concept integration success. The other is the effect of the cognitive process, is likely to be unconscious factors, such as personality, individual history, law, unknown society, language knowledge. They are not the purpose, the reason of self incrimination language. Without purpose is not objective the wrong language choice is not that the choice of language. Even if the failure of the choice of language, but also often have an ideal schema guidance, but the schema and in social cognition to cognitive models have difference And this difference leads to the failure of the unintended language choice.
By comparing the same subject on the same emotional phenomenon, different concepts of behavior and psychology, and the comparison of the same subject in different text and environment (including object and stage) in the choice of language difference, this study found that the emotional language selection with dynamic development characteristics, showing the stage characteristics of emotion the language in the judicial process of different stage and period, to reflect the change of the development of cognitive psychology and the strategy of change and state of the contextual factors. There is a plot of the quiz, every examination and interrogation than a minor is closer to the objective fact, the discourse in the emotional motivation and evidence on another question. A more coherent plot, the language choice more and more strategy and purpose. This is the subject of litigation between institutions and different purposes. The result of the game between the main body of the same language selection The interaction of different objects can also choose a different emotional language, which reflects the main choice of language. In addition, determine the communicative purpose will also refer to interactive objects and situations so they may influence the choice of language. There are different types of emotions influence the choice of language, this is the social rules. The research corpus reflects the choice of language cognition, social and objective constraints of universals can also reflect the choice of language particulars.
This study proposes the language of emotion classification framework and mode selection are considered legal discourse in the language of emotion complexity, verify and supplement the objective principle to a certain extent, conceptual integration theory, evaluation theory and context theory, is also expected to provide some inspiration for jurisprudence and legal practice.

【学位授予单位】：华中师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D90-055;H052

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