欧洲中世纪封建地方法考略

发布时间：2018-03-04 05:13

本文选题：欧洲中世纪　切入点：封建地方法　出处：《华东政法大学》2012年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：在罗马帝国崩溃后，封建制度把日耳曼各部族与罗马帝国的政治体系联系在一起，以土地分封为基础，形成了在欧洲范围内互相联系的金字塔形政治结构，而国王处在这个体制的塔尖。从其创造出的权利角度讲，封建地方法可以说是建立在土地租赁制上的一个成熟体系，每个领主统领其下层附庸，对其征税，并对其享有司法权。从义务角度来看，封建地方法可以说是一个合约体系，国王代表国家把土地分配给个人，而这些得到土地的人以为政府完成工作的方式来支付地租，而这种工作形式多种多样，但起初都以军事义务为主。封建法从来没有像罗马法和教会法一样，在欧洲形成一个统一的体系，欧洲各地区的封建法呈现出不同的特点。本文第一章对封建地方法的兴起进行了概述。首先从历史学的角度探究了封建制度这一名词的由来和含义。之后考量了关于欧洲封建制度起源的日耳曼模式和罗马模式两种学说，笔者支持日耳曼模式说。从权利和义务两个方面描述了封建制度对于封建地方法的影响。就封建地方法的产生给出了税收、土地分封制、各个“国家”的一些政策、财产吞并和战争五个原因。本文第二章具体探讨了封建地方法的主要特征。首先研究了欧洲封建法的本质，阐述了其为欧洲带来的“行为合法性”等现代法治观念。将封建地方法的核心分解为四个部分：土地分封、庄园制度、附庸观念和地方司法特权。给出了封建地方法的几种渊源：习俗、立法文件和法律专著，，尤其详细介绍了《耶路撒冷法令集》和德意志的《王侯倾斜令》。探讨了欧洲封建的调整范围：人、财产、继承和法律责任。从领主司法权和私人法庭的角度探讨了欧洲封建司法。本文第三章介绍了教会如何卷入了世俗世界的领主、附庸体系，其教职也可以在封建体系中被赐予和世袭。随后从正反两个方面讲述了封建地方法对欧洲造成的影响。本文第四章就封建地方法的衰落给出了雇佣兵制度的出现、黑死病的大流行和领主独立司法权的逐渐丧失这三个破坏了以履行政府义务换取土地分封模式的因素。讲述了封建法在英、法、德、意和西班牙衰亡的过程，但同时提醒读者，封建法并没有完全退出历史舞台，其影响即使在今天也并没有消失。
[Abstract]:After the collapse of the Roman Empire, the feudal system linked the Germanic tribes to the political system of the Roman Empire, based on the partition of the land, and formed a pyramid structure of politics linked to each other in Europe. And the king was at the top of the system. In terms of the rights it created, the feudal method was a mature system based on the system of land leases, where each lord commanded his subordinates and taxed them. And they have jurisdiction over them. From an obligation point of view, feudal land is a system of contracts in which the king allocates land to individuals on behalf of the state, and the people who get the land think that the government does the work in a way that pays for the rent. The feudal law has never formed a unified system in Europe like Roman law and church law, and the feudal law in different regions of Europe has different characteristics. In the first chapter, the rise of feudal local methods is summarized. Firstly, the origin and meaning of the term feudal system are explored from the historical point of view. Then the Germanic model and the origin of feudal system in Europe are considered. Two doctrines of the Roman model, The author supports the Germanic model. It describes the influence of the feudal system on the feudal methods in terms of rights and obligations. Five reasons for property annexation and war. In the second chapter, the main characteristics of feudal local methods are discussed. Firstly, the essence of European feudal law is studied. This paper expounds the concept of modern rule of law, such as "legality of behavior" brought to Europe. The core of feudal local method is divided into four parts: land partition, manor system, etc. The concept of vassals and local judicial privileges. Several sources of feudal local methods are given: customs, legislative documents and monographs of law, In particular, it gives a detailed introduction to the Jerusalem Series and the German order of inclination of the Crown and Hou. It discusses the scope of European feudal adjustment: man, property, Inheritance and legal responsibility. The feudal justice of Europe is discussed from the perspective of the lord's jurisdiction and private courts. The third chapter introduces how the church is involved in the lord and vassal system of the secular world, and its religious posts can also be given and inherited in the feudal system. Chapter 4th gives the appearance of mercenary system on the decline of feudal local methods. The pandemic of the Black death and the gradual loss of the Lord's independent judicial power have undermined the pattern of land distribution in exchange for the fulfilment of government obligations. It tells the story of the decline of feudal law in England, France, Germany, Italy and Spain, but reminds readers at the same time, Feudal law did not completely withdraw from the stage of history, its influence did not disappear even today.
【学位授予单位】：华东政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D95

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