陕甘宁边区司法改革与“政法传统”的形成

发布时间：2018-03-11 02:37

本文选题：政法传统　切入点：陕甘宁边区　出处：《吉林大学》2012年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：“政法传统”常被作为我们现实生活中诸多法律现象背后的体制背景与运作逻辑。既有研究表明：“政法传统”源于苏维埃根据地、形成于陕甘宁边区时期（以“马锡五审判方式”为标志），是立足于中国国情、具有中国特色的现代法律传统，其基本内涵指法律与政治紧密联系，且法律服务于政治目的。但关于“政法传统”的内涵与特征的分析主要限于线条式勾勒，对于其源头陕甘宁边区司法的考察仍处于话题分散、研究对象割裂的状态，未能将中国现代法律传统、“政法传统”以及陕甘宁边区的司法实践贯通，并在此基础上考察“政法传统”的根源及整体特征，而这样的考察无疑有助于我们从源头上了解“政法传统”何以形成及其与特定司法环境的密切关联，有助于我们加深对当下司法问题的理解与思考。本文以陕甘宁边区的司法档案文献为主要材料，以历史研究法、案例分析法为主要分析手段，以陕甘宁边区司法改革及其中的终审机构政府审判委员会为双重视角，着重探讨司法层面的“政法传统”在边区司法改革时期的形成过程，在此基础上提炼这一传统的主要特征并分析其成因。同时，展示出革命法律史上这一段珍贵而完整的司法改革史，尤其是边区政府审判委员会的改革历史。本文认为，中华苏维埃根据地的司法制度在移植前苏联法制的基础上进行了适应实际的变通，其司法机构的设置倾向于集中、诉讼程序倾向于简化、司法功能侧重于镇压反革命，初显革命化“政法传统”的雏形，成为边区时期“政法传统”形成的渊源。 1941至1944年间的陕甘宁边区司法改革是“政法传统”形成的关键时期。改革包括前期的司法正规化改革及后期“马锡五审判方式”的推出及影响。国共合作的大背景、相对安定的后方环境及一批法律专业知识分子进入边区，推动了以建立新民主主义法制为目标的司法正规化改革。雷经天领导下的改革因对正规化的误解而走向了行政化。李木庵时期推行以完善审级体制、司法人员专业化、诉讼制度规范化、倡导刑事和解与民事调解为主要内容的全面改革，使边区司法制度开始步入规范化轨道。但由于一元化政治体制的推行、整风审干后期抢救运动的影响等，引发了边区政府的司法检查与改革转向。边区政府在对于司法正规化改革的检讨与反思中，终止了具有脱离实际倾向的正规化改革，明确了与国民政府司法制度分道扬镳，从实践中探索立足边区实际、贯彻民主集中制及群众路线的新民主主义司法制度。“政法传统”的思路渐趋明晰。与对司法正规化改革的检讨和反思并行，边区政府及司法界开始将目光转向司法实践，通过对基层司法经验的总结、试验及与司法正规化改革的比较，推出了“马锡五审判方式”，并以此为契机推动了调解运动的普及，在整合全社会资源的基础上，初步形成了纠纷解决的多元化机制，标志着具有边区特点的“政法传统”的形成。对于“政法传统”形成过程的进一步分析以改革中成立的三审终审机构政府审判委员会为具体考察点：通过对其设立及发展历史的分析，展现了司法独立倾向与边区一元化政治体制的冲突；通过对“安成福与赵积馀等人争买土地案”诉讼过程的分析，展示出边区诉讼模式具有强职权主义、当事人主义及行政化的特点；通过对“王生秀与呼生祥窑产争执案”中诉讼审级作用的分析，阐明接近基层的二审（高等分庭）具有更多的审级优势。通过上述分析，揭示出“政法传统”形成中政治体制的硬性约束、实践中诉讼模式的变通及审级结构的建立理念，进而表明现代法治的建立须立足本土环境的重要性。在司法改革中渐趋形成的“政法传统”立足于边区复杂的法治环境，以中国革命成功的经验为其理论基础，在观念层面体现了司法服务于政权工作和司法为民的理念，具有涤荡旧污、革新社会基础、化争解纷的多重功能；在制度层面体现为司法构造集中化、审级结构柱形化的特点；在运作层面显示出法官选任普通干部化、诉讼程序简便化、诉讼过程行政化、解纷方式多元化的特征。上述特征具有其逻辑自洽性。究其成因，主要缘于后发型现代国家以政党为核心力量的革命形式与革命性质、边区司法的生态环境及传统法律文化观念的影响。同时，，又显示出忽视对权力的规范与制约、忽视法官专业素质及程序规范的局限。随着时代背景的转换，“政法传统”也面临着自我更新的困境和机遇。
[Abstract]:"The tradition of politics and law" is often regarded as system background and operation logic behind many legal phenomena in our real life. The existing research shows that: "the tradition of politics and law" originated in the Soviet base, formed during the Shaanxi Gansu Ningxia border region (in the Ma Xiwu trial mode "as the symbol), is based on the modern legal tradition has Chinese conditions. China characteristics, its basic connotation refers to the law is closely linked with the political and legal services for political purposes. But the analysis of connotation and characteristics about" political tradition "is mainly limited to line type outline, for the source of the Shaanxi Gansu Ningxia border region judicial is still in the topic research object scattered, fragmented state, failed to China modern law the traditional" through the judicial practice of the tradition of politics and law, the Shaanxi Gansu Ningxia border region "and the origin, and on the basis of investigation of" the tradition of politics and law "and the overall characteristics, and this study undoubtedly It helps us understand from the source how the "political and legal tradition" form and its close connection with the specific judicial environment, which helps us to deepen our understanding and thinking about the current judicial issues.
In this paper, the Shaanxi Gansu Ningxia border region judicial archives as the main material, with historical research method, case analysis method as the main analysis means, the government agencies to the judicial committee of the Shaanxi Gansu Ningxia border area judicial reform and the dual perspective, focusing on the judicial level of "political tradition" in the forming process of the border area judicial reform period, mainly based on the characteristics of the traditional refining and analyzes its causes. At the same time, showing a precious and complete judicial reform history revolutionary legal history, especially the history of the reform of the judicial committee of the government.
This paper argues that the Soviet base of the justice system based on the former Soviet Union and the rule of law transplantation were adapted to practical work, the judicial institutions tend to concentrate, tend to simplify the procedure, the judicial function focuses on the suppression of counter revolutionaries, revolutionary prototype previews "political law tradition", become a source of the border area "the tradition of politics and law".
1941 to 1944 years of the Shaanxi Gansu Ningxia border region judicial reform is the key period of the tradition of politics and law ". The reform including the introduction and influence judicial reform of pre and post regular" Temasek five trial mode ". The background of the cooperation between the Kuomintang and the relative stability of the rear environment and a number of law professional intellectuals into the border region, promote the judicial reform to establish a formal legal system of new democracy as the goal of reform. Under the leadership of Jingtian Lei because of the regularization of the misunderstanding to the chief. Li Muan period to improve the implementation of the trial level system, professional judicial personnel litigation system, standardized, comprehensive reform of criminal reconciliation and civil mediation as the main content the border region, the judicial system has entered a standardized track. But because of the implementation of centralized political system, the effect of the late rectification movement, led to the rescue, the border region government judicial examination Check and reform. The government in turn for judicial review and Reflection on the standardization reform, termination of the normal reform from the actual tendency, the national government judicial system and part company each going his own way, based on the practical exploration from the practice, implement democratic centralism and the mass line of the new democratic judicial system. "The tradition of politics and law" thinking is clear.
In parallel with the review and Reflection on judicial standardization reform, the government and judiciary began turning to judicial practice, through to the grassroots judicial experience, test and comparison with formal judicial reform, launched the "Ma Xiwu trial", and as an opportunity to promote the popularization of mediation movement, based on integration the whole social resources, initially formed a diversified dispute settlement mechanism, which marked with the characteristics of the tradition of politics and law ".
The tradition of politics and law "further analysis process to reform in the establishment of three tiered government agencies in order to study the judicial committee: through the establishment and development of the historical analysis, shows the conflicts between judicial independence and the tendency of centralized political system; through the analysis of" An Chengfu and Zhao Jiyu et al to buy land. "The litigation process, showing the pattern of litigation has strong authority principle, characteristics and litigant administration; through the analysis of the trial level role of" Wang Shengxiu and Hu Sheng Xiang kiln produces dispute case "in litigation, clarify the second instance (close to the grass roots of the higher court) has more trial advantages. Through the above analysis, reveals the" tradition of politics and law "in the formation of the political system of the rigid constraints, flexible and trial level structure in practice litigation pattern, the establishment of the concept, and then established the modern rule of law should be established Based on the importance of soil environment.
In the process of judicial reform is to form a "political tradition" based on the complex environment of rule of law, to China revolution successful experience for the theoretical foundation, at the conceptual level, reflects the judicial service in the regime and the concept of justice for the people, with washing away dirt, social foundation, multiple functions of dispute dispute resolution; at the system level to reflect the structural characteristics of judicial centralization, trial level structure of the column; at the operational level shows the judge selection of ordinary cadres, the procedure is simple, the process of administrative litigation, dispute settlement characteristics of diversification. The characteristics of the self consistent logic. The reasons for revolution and revolution the nature of the modern state is mainly due to the hair after the party as the core strength, affecting the ecological environment and the judicial concept of traditional legal culture. At the same time, it shows the neglect of power regulation and control, neglect With the change of the background of the times, the "tradition of political law" is also facing the dilemma and opportunity of self renewal with the change of the background of the times.

【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D926;D929

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