法律责任条款规范设置研究

发布时间：2018-03-24 16:39

本文选题：法律文本　切入点：法律责任条款　出处：《山东大学》2015年博士论文

【摘要】：本文的研究主要是致力于提高法律文本中,责任条款设置的规范化、体系化与科学化水平。具体而言,首先,法律责任条款的设置研究有助于弥补目前立法学界中对基本概念、基础理论研究的不足,对于厘清基本概念及其与相似概念的界分,完善基础理论具有重要的理论意义；其次,法律责任条款作为法的实质结构的重要组成部分,对责任条款的深入研究能够为保障法的结构规范化发挥重要的作用。再次,法律责任条款的规范设置与表达进一步扩展与丰富了了立法学理论体系。最后对法条设计的技术主义的立场与研究路径也扩展了立法学的研究方法与研究路径。对法律责任的规范化、精细化设计是完善立法文本的重要组成部分,也是提高立法技术,追求科学立法的关键环节之所在,同时也是保障法律有效实施的后盾力量。法律责任的规范化、精细化设计与实践性面向能够为立法实务部门提供有益的参考与借鉴,进而对于构建我国的立法技术手册或立法指南,完善立法,推动我国法治建设进程,都具有重要而深远的意义。本文的研究内容,除导论、余论外主要包括六个部分的内容,分别是法律责任条款的概念与类型分析、责任条款设置的现状与问题的考察,在准确重构法律责任条款概念及其类型化分析的基础上,客观呈现责任条款设置的现状与问题,并对问题的成因进行考察,以此为依据,构建法律责任条款设置的规范化结构体系,包括设置的理念与模式、设置原则、设置规则以及设置的衔接等。第一是法律责任条款设置的概念与类型化分析。对于法律责任的规范构造的全面解读,要从逻辑、事实与价值三个层面来剖析,首先是逻辑层面；其次是社会事实层面;再次是法价值构造层面。这三个层面构成了一种密切关联的链条关系,对任何一个层面的忽视都将无法获得对于法律责任概念的完整意义。因此,对于法律责任概念的全面、准确把握应从逻辑构造、社会事实因素与价值因素三个方面来阐释,即法律责任是指由不法行为侵犯权利或法益而产生的体现制裁规范效果的救济权法律关系。法律责任条款即是指在法律文本中表述由不法行为侵犯权利或法益而产生的体现制裁规范效果的救济权法律关系内容的条文。要准确把握法律责任条款的概念,还需要进一步厘清法律责任条款与法律义务条款、法律责任条款与法律制裁条款等概念的内涵与外延之间的区别。同时,为了使我们更加全面、清晰地把握责任条款概念的内涵与外延以及对法律责任设置的问题提炼与责任条款的规范设计打下坚实基础,需要对法律责任条款进行类型化分析。第二是法律责任条款设置现状与问题的分析。在设置现状方面,从宏观的立法变迁视角来看法律责任条款设定情况,可以发现,立法者对法律责任的价值与功能是越来越重视的,相应的立法科学化和立法技术水平也在不断提高。但不可否认的是仍存在不设定法律责任条款的立法现象,这种责任条款缺失的问题是由多种因素综合作用的结果。此外,我国当下法律文本中对于责任条款的设置与分则中义务性条款的针对性基本上还是合理的。在设置的问题方面,首先是逻辑结构的完整性问题；其次是法律责任条款设置的协调性问题；再次是法律责任条款设置的衔接性问题；复次是法律文本中责任条款设置的概括性问题,最后是法律责任条款设置语言表述失范问题。第三是法律责任条款设置的理念与模式。法律责任条款设置的理念,是指立法者在法律文本中设置法律责任条款时所应当遵循的价值标准和观念指引,法律责任条款的思维理念对于法律责任条款设置的原则和具体规则具有指导与引领作用。法律责任条款设置应当遵循的理念包括正当性理念、合理性理念与谦抑性理念。针对这些问题,在法律责任条款设置排列模式的选择上,应当充分注重实事求是的原则。法律责任条款的集中排列模式与分散排列模式本身并无优劣之区别,采取何种排列模式,主要以排列模式便于法律文本适用查阅与表述简洁为标准,合理选择两种排列模式。第四是法律责任条款设置的原则。法律责任条款的设置原则是指在法律责任条款具体设置及语言表述时必须遵循的基本准则。法律责任条款设置的原则,发挥着承上启下的重要过渡作用,一方面,设置原则是理念的进一步深化和具体体现；另一方面,设置原则又对法律责任条款具体设置的表述规则与语言规范具有严格的指导作用,统领责任条款设置的具体规则与技巧,因此法律责任条款的设置原则是整个法律责任规范化体系中十分关键的一环。法律责任条款设置的原则包括,首先是法律责任条款设置的合法性原则,其次是法律责任条款设置的对应性原则,再次是法律责任条款设置的协调性原则,复次是法律责任条款设置的可操作性原则,最后是法律责任条款设置的规范性原则。第五是法律责任条款设置的规则。法律责任条款设置规则是在设置理念的统领下,在责任条款设置原则的基础上所衍生出的一系列具体规则,以便在责任条款的具体设定中予以运用,使责任条款的具体表述能够更加科学合理、更加明确具体、更加规范,最终使得责任条款能够有效保障义务性条款乃至法律文本本身的有效实施。首先是逻辑规则。具体包括逻辑的完备性、逻辑的明确性与逻辑的一致性。其次是语言规则,包括语言表述的准确性、表述的简洁性与表述的规范性。最后是修辞规则,修辞规则是指在责任条款的设置时,能够强化语言表述的论证说服效果,强化责任条款的可实施性与可接受性效果的规则。坚持遵循责任条款设置的修辞规则,要求在责任条款的设置要注重两个方面的问题,一方面是表述内容的可实施性,另一方面是表述语言的可接受性。第六是法律责任设置的衔接问题。法律文本的规范化、科学化设计离不开责任条款的科学、规范设置,在法律责任条款规范体系设计中,除了建构性的设置理念、模式、原则与规则之外,还需要责任条款设置的有效衔接与协调,包括法律责任条款的外部衔接与内部衔接。如此才能是整个法律文本发挥最大的优势,保障法律自身的有效实施。法律文本中责任条款设置的衔接具体而言,以责任条款设置衔接自身为划分依据,包括两个大的方面,一个是责任条款的外部衔接,包含着不同法律文本层面,责任条款与上位法中责任条款之间的衔接、与下位法中责任条款之间的衔接以及与同位阶的其他法律文本中责任条款之间的衔接：同一法律文本中,责任条款与义务性条款、奖励条款、救济性条款、权利性条款以及与定义条款、准用性条款等之间的衔接。另一个方面则是法律责任条款内部的衔接,包括责任条款中不同责任要素之间的优化排列组合；不同责任类型之间的衔接与不同责任形式之间的衔接。
[Abstract]:This paper is devoted to improving the legal text, standard clause set, systematic and scientific level. Specifically, first of all, the research set legal liability clauses helps to make up for the current legislation in academic circles on the basic concepts and basic theory of forgetting, for clarifying the basic concepts and similar the concept of boundary points, has important theoretical significance to improve basic theory; secondly, the legal liability clause as an important part of the essence of the structure method, in-depth study of the liability clause can play an important role in the structure of the standard security law. Thirdly, the legal liability provisions of the standard setting and further expand and enrich the expression the theory of legislation system. Finally, the method of position and path design technology also extends the research methods and research path. The legislation of legal liability in standardization Fine, perfect design is an important part of the legislative text, but also to improve the legislative technique, where the key to the pursuit of scientific legislation, but also guarantee the effective implementation of legal backing. The standardization of legal responsibility, fine design and practice oriented can provide a useful reference for the legislative practice department, and so on the construction of China's legislative technical manual or legislative guide, improve legislation, promote the process of building the rule of law in China, has important and far-reaching significance. The research content, this article besides the introduction, conclusion mainly includes six parts, respectively is the concept and types of legal liability clauses, study status and problems clause set, based on analyzing the concept and types of accurate reconstruction of legal liability provisions of the present situation and problems of liability clause, set objective, and the problem of the Because of, on this basis, the construction of system specifications set legal liability clauses, including the concept and mode, set the principle of setting rules and setting the link. The first is analysis of the concept and type of set legal liability clauses. For a comprehensive interpretation of the normative structure of legal liability, from logic three, a level of fact and value analysis, the first is the logical level; the second is the social fact; again is the law value structure level. These three aspects constitute the chain relationship of a closely related, for any one of the neglect will not obtain complete meaning for the concept of legal responsibility. Therefore, for the concept of legal responsibility should be comprehensive, accurately grasp the logical structure, explained the three aspects of social facts and value factors, namely legal liability refers to the illegal acts of infringement of rights or legal interests. Right of relief legal relationship students reflect sanctions effect. The legal liability clause specification is expressed by the content refers to the malfeasance infringes the rights or legal interests in legal texts which reflect the effect of sanctions norms legal remedies for rights provisions. The relationship between concepts to accurately grasp the legal liability clauses, also need to further clarify the legal liability clause with the legal obligations, the difference between the denotation and connotation of legal liability clauses and legal sanction clause concept. At the same time, in order to make us a more comprehensive, standardized design clearly grasp the connotation and denotation of the concept of liability clause and setting of legal liability and responsibility in terms of the problem and lay a solid foundation, the need for legal clause the type of analysis. The second is the analysis of the present situation and problems of setting legal liability clauses. In the current situation, from the macro perspective of the legislative changes The legal liability clause set, can be found, the value and function of legislation on the legal liability is more and more important, the corresponding scientific legislation and legislative technical level is also rising. But it is undeniable that there are still legislation phenomenon does not set the legal liability provisions, the responsibility of the missing articles is by a variety of factors. In addition, China's current legal text set with specific provisions for compulsory liability clause in terms of pertinence basically is reasonable. In terms of the set of issues, the first is the logical structure of the integrity problem; the second problem is the coordination of the setting of legal liability provisions; the problem is again convergence set legal liability clauses; thirdly is the problems set clauses in legal texts, the last is the legal liability provisions set language anomie. Third is the law Concept and mode of setting legal liability clauses. Set liability concept, refers to the value standard should follow the legislators set legal liability clauses in legal texts and the guidance of the concept, legal liability provisions of the idea of legal responsibility for the terms of setting principles and specific rules of guiding and leading role of legal responsibility. The terms set should follow the idea of including the concept of legitimacy, rationality and modesty of the concept of philosophy. To solve these problems, in terms of legal liability arranged mode choice, should pay full attention to the principle of seeking truth from facts. Legal liability clauses and the dispersion difference pattern itself is no better on the pattern, what pattern, mainly arrangement mode for applicable legal text access and concise representation as the standard, reasonable choice of two kinds of arrangement mode. Fourth is the legal liability In terms of setting principles. Setting principle of liability is the basic principle that must be followed in terms of specific legal responsibility setting and language expression. The set of legal liability provisions principle, plays an important role in the transition, a hand setting principle is the idea of further deepening and embodiment; on the other hand, the setting principle and the terms of the legal obligation to the specific set of rules and norms of language expression has a guiding role in the strict, specific rules and skills to set up responsibility clause, so set the principle of legal liability clause is a very important link in the whole legal responsibility standardization system. Including the setting principles of legal liability provisions, the first is the principle of legality set the legal liability clauses, followed by the corresponding principle of setting legal liability clauses, again is the coordination of legal liability clause is set, Third is the legal liability provisions set of operational principles, and finally set the legal liability provisions of the normative principles. The fifth is to set the legal liability provisions of the liability rules. The rules set is in the set of ideas under the guidance of a series of specific rules based on the principle of liability clause set in derivatives, in order to specific set in the clause to be used, the specific expressions of liability clause can be more scientific and reasonable, more specific, more standardized, makes the final clause can effectively guarantee the effective implementation of compulsory provisions and legal texts. The first is the logical rules. Including logical completeness, consistency of logic and logic the second is language. Language rules, including accuracy, simple expression and normative statements. Finally the rhetoric rules, rhetoric Rules refers to In terms of responsibility set, can strengthen the language argument effect, implementation of the rules and acceptability of the effect of strengthening responsibility clause. Adhere to the rhetoric rules set to follow the liability clause in the clause set requirements, should pay attention to two aspects, one is the implementation of the content of expression. On the other hand is a language acceptable. Sixth is the interface between the legal liability set. The standardization of legal texts, scientific design cannot do without the responsibility in terms of science, standard setting, in terms of normative legal responsibility system design, in addition to the constructive concept, mode, in addition to the principles and rules. Also need to set the clause effective convergence and coordination, including the legal responsibility in terms of the external connection and internal cohesion. The legal texts so as to maximize the advantages of their own effective legal protection Implement. Connection settings of liability clauses in legal texts specifically to clause set the basis for the division of its cohesion, including two aspects, one is the external connection clause, including different level of text, cohesion between the responsibility and liability clause in the upper law section of the connection between the connection between and in terms of the liability under the law and other legal liability clauses in the text and parity order: the same legal texts, liability clauses and obligation clauses, reward clause, relief provisions, rights clauses and definition of terms, with the connection between the provisions and so on. Another aspect is the connection of the legal the internal liability clause, including the responsibility of optimization between different elements of liability in terms of arrangement and combination; cohesion between different types of responsibility of cohesion and different forms of responsibility.

【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D920.0

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