论公民守法理由的两大理论倾向及其统一

发布时间：2018-04-03 07:24

本文选题：守法　切入点：伦理　出处：《南京师范大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：我国的法律学人对守法的解释从义务本位的守法观迈进权利本位的守法观,继而发展到强调主体性的守法观。守法可以分为公民守法和政府守法、规范守法和隐性守法、消极守法和积极守法。以伦理为基石的守法观认为：法律本身就是一项人类的契约,公民守法是因为他们作为社会契约的当事人,在订立社会契约规定自己的权利和义务时,是公民应用自己的理性进行抉择的结果；法律就要化身为公平的象征。公民的守法义务在于一个人从其他人的守法行为中获得好处时,他也必须自觉遵守法律以使自己的守法行为有利于他人,一个人在享受法律赋予他的权利的同时,必须履行法律所赋予他的义务；功利是法律的出发点,一切法律都以增进社会幸福的总和为目的,同时功利又是法律的归宿,社会功利的实现就是法律的实现。为了自己和他人的幸福、利益,公民个人也要自觉守法。依凭规范分析的守法观强调：法律的主体部分主要是政治优势者的命令,法律作为命令的属性并不因它的某些例外而动摇。公民守法义务始于习惯终于制裁。公民守法依法律规定行为既是在维护规则的法律性质,同时又是在履行义务。法律权威就是指法律在一个社会中居于至高无上的地位,享有崇高的威望,得到普遍的遵守和广泛的认同,在调控社会生活方面发挥基础和主导的作用,其他社会规范在法律的统帅下发挥作用。法律权威的维护则出自人们内心对法律权威的认同。一旦法律规范的内容在守法主体的伦理层面获得证立,法律的实现则会更多地通过自律发生而不是强制和规避。伦理价值只能决定人自己的良心,而不能决定法律制度。法律规范的确定性不仅为法律的实现提供了便利,而且法律规范的实现也同时实现了社会的公平正义。忽视了守法过程中人的主体地位,既不能很好的诠释守法的真正内涵,也不利于调动守法主体的积极性、自觉性。当法律所涵括的伦理价值能为社会大多数人所接受时,此时法律的规范性就获得了一种伦理证成,伦理与规范在法律那里统一在一起。公民守法既有伦理层面的自律,又有规范层面的他律。法律的伦理性与规范性并不总是统一在一起的,规范偏离伦理的情况也时有发生。西方的“公民不服从”理论主张人的良心高于政府和法律,个人有权不服从违背其良心的法律和命令。就我国的法治建设现实而言,不能过度的宣扬法律的伦理性而忽视法律的规范性,坚持不得“随意自决”的义务观是最好的选择。
[Abstract]:The interpretation of law-abiding by the jurists of our country stride forward to the law-abiding view of the rights-standard from the law-abiding view of the obligation standard, and then develop to the law-abiding view emphasizing the subjectivity.Law-abiding can be divided into citizen-abiding and government-abiding, normative law-abiding and recessive law-abiding, passive law-abiding and active law-abiding.The view of abiding by law, which is based on ethics, holds that the law itself is a contract of human beings. Citizens abide by the law because they, as parties to the social contract, stipulate their rights and obligations when they enter into a social contract.It is the result of citizens' choice with their own rationality; the law is the symbol of justice.The duty of a citizen to abide by the law lies in the fact that when a person benefits from the law-abiding behavior of another person, he must also consciously abide by the law in order to make his law-abiding behavior beneficial to others, while enjoying the rights conferred on him by the law,Utilitarian is the starting point of law. All laws aim to promote the sum of social happiness. At the same time utilitarianism is the end of law. The realization of social utility is the realization of law.For the happiness, benefit of oneself and others, citizen individual also must consciously abide by the law.According to the law-abiding view of normative analysis, the main part of the law is mainly the order of the political superiority, and the attribute of the law as an order is not shaken by some exceptions.A citizen's obligation to abide by the law begins with custom and finally sanctions.Citizens obey the law and act according to the law not only to maintain the legal nature of the rules, but also to fulfill their obligations.Legal authority means that the law occupies the supreme position in a society, enjoys high prestige, is generally observed and widely recognized, and plays a fundamental and leading role in regulating and controlling social life.Other social norms play a role under the commander-in-chief of the law.The maintenance of legal authority comes from people's inner recognition of legal authority.Once the content of legal norms is established on the ethical level of law-abiding subjects, the realization of law will occur more through self-discipline rather than compulsion and circumvention.Ethical values can only determine one's own conscience, not the legal system.The certainty of legal norms not only facilitates the realization of law, but also realizes social fairness and justice.Neglecting the subject position in the process of abiding by the law can neither explain the true connotation of abiding by the law, nor arouse the enthusiasm and consciousness of the subject of abiding by the law.When the ethical value contained in the law can be accepted by most people in the society, the normative of the law obtains an ethical proof, and the ethics and the norm are United together in the law.The citizen obeys the law not only the self-discipline of ethics level, but also the discipline of norm level.The ethical and normative aspects of law are not always United, and the deviation of norms from ethics occurs from time to time.The western theory of "civil disobedience" claims that human conscience is superior to government and law, and that individuals have the right not to obey laws and orders that violate their conscience.As far as the reality of our country's construction of rule of law is concerned, it is the best choice not to excessively propagate the ethics of law and ignore the standardization of law, and to insist on the obligation view of "no arbitrary self-determination".
【学位授予单位】：南京师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D90

【引证文献】