论美国行政程序中的禁止单方接触原则

发布时间：2018-04-30 22:15

本文选题：美国行政程序 + 禁止单方接触　；参考：《郑州大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：禁止单方接触原则是指行政机关在制定行政规章以及行政裁决过程中,禁止与特定事项有利害关系的当事人一方有任何书面或口头的接触,这一原则体现了正当程序原则的精神。行政法中的正当程序原则是英美法系中一项重要的法治观念与宪法性原则,追溯其根源,英国是提出最早的国家,但真正将其发扬光大的却是美国,美国对正当程序的规定详细而具体,尤其是行政程序法中的禁止单方接触原则,更是现代法治国家学习的典范。行政程序中的单方接触严重违反了正当程序、降低了行政效率、损害了政府形象。美国是较早意识到此类危害的国家之一,颁布的《联邦行政程序法》中严格禁止在正式行政程序中单方接触,但是美国行政机关大多采用非正式行政程序,《联邦行政程序法》中的规定对单方接触的问题并不能完全解决。随着司法实践的不断完善,美国法院不断完善着禁止单方接触原则在非正式行政程序中的适用。另一方面,美国是一个三权分立的国家,白宫对行政权的滥用从而企图影响行政机关决策的行为也属于单方接触的一种,总统的免职权力和行政特权以及白宫的行政审查权在行政程序中对行政机关施加压力,让行政机关的很多决策都受制于白宫的意志。这让白宫的单方接触问题逐渐被重视起来,国会与司法机关纷纷采取措施限制白宫不断膨胀的行政权,维护了美国行政程序的公平公正。我国是一个“重实体、轻程序”的国家,法律司法程序中的单方接触还有所约束,行政程序中的禁止单方接触原则的适用基本上是一片空白,单方接触现象更是司空见惯,公民对此处于视若无睹、漠然置之的状态。因此,不论是美国对禁止单方接触原则制定法律的技巧,还是其所体现出的法律精神,都是值得我国学习借鉴的。
[Abstract]:The principle of prohibiting unilateral contact means that in the course of formulating administrative regulations and administrative decisions, administrative organs prohibit any written or oral contact between a party who has an interest in a particular matter, This principle embodies the spirit of due process principle. The principle of due process in administrative law is an important legal concept and constitutional principle in Anglo-American legal system. The regulations of due process in the United States are detailed and specific, especially the principle of prohibiting unilateral contact in the law of administrative procedure, which is a model for a modern country ruled by law. Unilateral contact in administrative procedure seriously violates due process, reduces administrative efficiency and damages government image. The United States was one of the countries that had been aware of such harm earlier, and the Federal Code of Administrative procedure strictly prohibits unilateral contact in formal administrative proceedings, However, American administrative agencies mostly adopt informal administrative procedures, and the issue of unilateral contact can not be completely solved by the provisions of the Federal Administrative procedure Act. With the continuous improvement of judicial practice, American courts constantly perfect the application of the principle of prohibiting unilateral contact in informal administrative procedures. On the other hand, the United States is a country with three separate powers. The White House's abuse of executive power in an attempt to influence the decision-making of executive organs also belongs to unilateral contacts. The president's power of removal and executive privilege and the power of administrative review of the White House exert pressure on the executive in the administrative procedure, so that many decisions of the executive are subject to the will of the White House. This makes the issue of unilateral contacts in the White House increasingly important, and Congress and the judiciary have taken steps to limit the expanding executive power of the White House, thus safeguarding the fairness and fairness of U.S. administrative procedures. China is a country with "emphasis on substance, light on procedure", and the unilateral contact in the legal and judicial procedure is still restricted. The application of the principle of prohibiting unilateral contact in administrative procedure is basically a blank, and the phenomenon of unilateral contact is even more common. Citizens are in a state of indifference. Therefore, whether it is the skill of the United States to make laws on the principle of prohibiting unilateral contact, or the legal spirit it embodies, it is worth learning from our country.
【学位授予单位】：郑州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D971.2;DD912.1

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