张之洞国际公法思想探析

发布时间：2018-05-01 05:16

本文选题：张之洞 + 国际公法　；参考：《西南政法大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：张之洞作为晚清的重要大臣，亲身经历晚清一系列重大事件，在中国近代史中是位颇有建树的实务派官员。基于这一重要地位，他对国际公法的认识明确影响着国际公法在其对外交涉事务的适用，，同时这种适用也是清政府高级官员对国际法的理解和适用的缩影。对于其国际公法思想的研究，可以进一步了解张之洞本人的法律思想；对其国际公法实践的研究，我们可以进一步了解近代国际法在中国的输入、传播。中国现代改革开放后，基于平等发展，国际法对于中国的国际交往仍然非常重要。对于张之洞国际公法思想的研究，既具有学术上的研究意义，也现实的借鉴意义。虽然不是专业的法学家，但张之洞的国际法思想涉及内容丰富，具有鲜明的时代特征和自身特色。鉴于目前学界对张之洞的国际公法思想及其应用涉及甚少，因此，本文拟从张之洞国际公法思想产生的背景、张之洞国际公法思想的主要内容及张之洞国际公法思想的实践等方面对张之洞换的国际公法思想进行梳理。全文由引言、正文和结语三个部份组成。引论部份介绍主题、研究价值、研究现状、存在问题、研究方法及所采用的资料等问题。正文是文章的主体部份：主要从以下三个方面展开论述：第一大部份，主要分析了张之洞国际公法思想形成的社会背景。清中后期，列强以武力打开中国大门，随着侵略的加深，中国自主之权不断丧失，中国有识之士不断地探索中国摆脱列强，走上自立自强之路的途径。在这种社会背景下，张之洞的国际法思想随着对社会现状的认识而理解不断加深。清末,从林则徐开始，已经有官员认识到国际法译书的重要。从《万国公法》开始，清政府设立译书馆，地方开始建立大量翻译机构并培养了一大批翻译人才，这些人后来对于国际法输入有重要影响。张之洞的国际法知识的重要来源之一就在于译书，从以后他对国际交涉事务的依据和应用来看，这些译书对他及清政府官员的影响不仅限于我们目前的认识。张之洞的国际公法思想的形成与其与中外高级政府官员的密切交往有关，以及受早期维新派及留洋官员的主权、国际法思想等的重大影响。同时，与洋人的交往也是他国际公法思想形成的重要途径。而张之洞所受的深刻的中国传统文化教育，如儒家的尊王、等级、保孔教、经世致用思想，也渗透于其对外交涉事务中，限制了张之洞在国际公法的进一步理解。第二大部份主要阐述了张之洞国际公法思想的主要内容。首先是张之洞的主权思想。张之洞所处的时代，是中国传统儒学僵硬，清政府国门被迫打开国力随着西方列强的入侵而逐渐衰落之时，中国原先独立自主的完整主权逐渐被剥夺。张之洞目睹中国受辱，作为国际公法上独立自强标志的“主权”概念首先成为他关注的重点，而维护主权也成为他国际公法思想的基础。其次是张之洞的条约守约思想。清政府虽与洋人很早以前就有来往，但西方列强在鸦片战争后将获取的利益以不平等条约的方式确定下来，清政府在无奈之下接受了西方“条约必守的规则”。随着国力日衰，这条原则不仅成了西方列强确定利益、强迫侵略的手段，同时也成为清政府引用国际法规定西方列强在中国的权利的依据。第三是关于国际法效力依据。张之洞认为国家意志是国际法的决定因素。据此，张之洞对国际法的效力也有比较清醒的认识，同时较为客观的理解国际法效力。他认为国家间的实力更为重要。没有国家的强大，没有兵力的保障，国际法也只能是空谈。第三部份主要讲述了张之洞国际公法的实践。在张之洞的国际公法的实践中主要涉及主权、利权的维护，租界问题，内河行船问题；守约问题；外交手段与国际法的结合以及从远交近攻到羁縻制衡；缔结条约结交强援等。同时，他认为海难救助也是遵守条约，人道主义的思想表现等。结语部份，主要考察了张之洞国际公法思想的积极方面以及张之洞对国际法认识的不足等问题。
[Abstract]:As an important Minister of the late Qing Dynasty, Zhang Zhidong experienced a series of major events in the late Qing Dynasty and was a practical official in modern Chinese history. Based on this important position, his understanding of international public law clearly affects the application of international public law in its foreign affairs, and this application is also a senior official of the Qing government to the country. The study of international public law thought can further understand Zhang Zhidong's own legal thoughts, and we can further understand the input and dissemination of modern international law in China. After the reform and release of modern China, the international law is based on the international law for China. International communication is still very important. The study of Zhang Zhidong's international public law thought has both academic and practical significance. Although it is not a professional jurist, Zhang Zhidong's ideas of international law are rich in content, with distinctive features of the times and self characteristics. In view of the current academic community of Zhang Zhidong's international public The idea of law and its application are rarely involved. Therefore, this article is to sort out the international public law thought of Zhang Zhidong from the background of Zhang Zhidong's thought of international public law, the main content of Zhang Zhidong's thought of public international law and the practice of Zhang Zhidong's international public law.
The full text is composed of three parts: introduction, text and conclusion. The introductory part introduces the theme, research value, research status, existing problems, research methods and the data used. The main body is the main part of the article: mainly from the following three aspects:
The first part is the main analysis of the social background of the formation of Zhang Zhidong's thought of international public law. In the middle and late Qing Dynasty, the powers opened the door to China by force. With the deepening of the aggression, the power of China's autonomy ceased to lose. The Chinese people of insight constantly explored the way to get rid of the powers of China and embark on the way of self-reliance. Under this social background Zhang Zhi The idea of international law of the cave deepened with the understanding of the social situation. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, from the beginning of Lin Zexu, officials had realized the importance of international law translation. From the beginning of the "universal law", the Qing government set up a translation library, and the local began to establish a large number of translation institutions and trained a large number of translators. These people later on international law One of the important sources of input is that one of the important sources of Zhang Zhidong's knowledge of international law lies in the translation of books. From the perspective of his future basis and application to international negotiation, the influence of these translations on his and the officials of the Qing government is not limited to our current understanding. The formation of Zhang Zhidong's Thoughts on international public law and with the senior government officials from China and foreign countries Close contacts, as well as the important influence of the Early Reformers and the sovereignty of the foreign officials, and the thought of international law. At the same time, the communication with the foreigners is also an important way of the formation of his international public law thought. And Zhang Zhidong's profound Chinese traditional culture education, such as the Confucian respecting the king, the rank, the Confucianist education, the thinking of the world, is also permeated. Zhang Zhidong's understanding of international public law is limited in his foreign negotiations.
The second main part mainly expounds the main content of Zhang Zhidong's thought of international public law. First of all, it is Zhang Zhidong's thought of sovereignty. The time of Zhang Zhidong is the rigid Chinese traditional Confucianism, and the national power of the Qing government is forced to open its national strength to decline gradually with the invasion of the Western powers, and the original and independent complete sovereignty of China is gradually deprived. Zhang Zhidong witnessed the humiliation of China. The concept of "sovereignty" as a symbol of independence and self-reliance on public international law became the focus of his attention first. And the maintenance of sovereignty became the basis of his thought of international public law. Secondly, Zhang Zhidong's Treaty of conservation thought. Although the Qing government had been with the Westerners very early, the Western powers will be captured after the Opium War. The interests were determined in the way of unequal treaties. The Qing government accepted the rules of the western "treaty must be kept" under the helplessness of the Qing Dynasty. With the decline of national strength, this principle not only became the means to determine interests and invade the Western powers, but also became the basis for the Qing government to quote the rights of the Western powers in China by the government of the Qing Dynasty. The three is the basis for the effectiveness of international law. Zhang Zhidong believes that state will is a decisive factor in international law. Accordingly, Zhang Zhidong has a more sober understanding of the effectiveness of international law and a more objective understanding of the effectiveness of international law. He believes that the strength of the state is more important. It's an empty talk.
The third part mainly tells the practice of Zhang Zhidong's international public law. In the practice of Zhang Zhidong's international public law, it mainly involves the sovereignty, the maintenance of the right of interest, the issue of the concession, the problem of the inland watercraft, the issue of abiding, the combination of diplomatic means and international law, and from the far reaching to the restraint of restraint; and the conclusion of the treaty intersection. At the same time, he believes that Salvage at sea also complied with the treaty, humanitarianism and so on.
The conclusion part mainly inspects the positive aspects of Zhang Zhidong's thought of international public law and the insufficiency of Zhang Zhidong's understanding of international law.

【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D909.2

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