中国古代刑讯制度探析

发布时间：2018-05-04 02:29

本文选题：刑讯制度 + 慎刑　；参考：《西南大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：刑讯起源于西周,自秦朝时开始逐渐制度化,后历经儿朝发展至唐时达到完备,在历史上存续长达两千年之久。随着历史和文明的进步,刑讯已经退出了历史舞台,然而现代司法实践中依然会出现刑讯逼供现象。本文探索了古代刑讯制度的起源至完善的整个演变过程,并考查了刑讯制度在古代司法实践中的运行状况。同时对古代刑讯制度的特征,功能等问题做了阐述,目的在于客观评价刑讯制度,正视古代刑讯制度存在的历史必然性,以使我们对刑讯的产生及长期存在的原因有更为最明朗的认识,从而对现代的司法实践有所裨益。文章首先考查了古代刑讯制度的起源,阐述了“神判思想”的动摇与刑讯现象出现的必然联系。认为刑讯不是古人偶然的发明创造,而是审判方式由“神判”转向世俗化审判后,为了获取案件真相而做出的无奈的选择。之后通过梳理历朝历代对刑讯的规定,探索了古代刑讯制度的发展状况,认为古代刑讯制度是按着限制的理念不断完善的。到了唐朝,古代刑讯制度已十分完备,不仅规定了刑讯的对象,方式、次数还明确了官员非法刑讯的责任。之后文章又分析了史料中记述的有关刑讯的案例,对刑讯制度的司法实践进行了考察,揭示了古代刑讯制度的实际运作状况。认为中国古代出现的冤案并非因官员合法刑讯造成的结果,恰恰相反是违反了刑讯制度实施法外之刑才导致的结果。随后,文章在前半部分论述的基础上,总结了古代刑讯制度的特征和功能。受慎刑思想的影响,中国古代刑讯制度主要有三大特征,一是先讯后刑,二是拷讯有度,三是严惩官员非法刑讯。文章最后从古代和现代两种不同的语境对古代刑讯制度作出了评析。在古代,刑讯制度是合法的,而且它确实发挥了帮助官员拷讯有度以查明案情的作用,只是在实践中出现了非法刑讯泛滥的现象。从现代的人权观念和司法理念米看,任何刑讯都是违法的,都是对人权的侵犯,我们应当严令禁止,但是我们不能否认,通过刑讯犯罪嫌疑人查明案件真相在现代依然是一种“便捷高效”的方式。因此,当案件遇到难点停滞不前时,面对办案期限、破案率等考核指标的压力,司法人员就很容易捡起刑讯这种古老的断案手段,这正是现代社会刑讯屡禁不止的原因。
[Abstract]:Torture originated in the Western Zhou Dynasty, began to institutionalize gradually from the Qin Dynasty, after the development of the children to the Tang Dynasty to complete, in history for as long as two thousand years. With the progress of history and civilization, torture has withdrawn from the stage of history. However, the phenomenon of extorting confessions by torture will still appear in modern judicial practice. This paper probes into the whole evolution process from the origin to perfection of the ancient criminal inquiry system, and examines the operating condition of the criminal inquiry system in the ancient judicial practice. At the same time, this paper expounds the characteristics and functions of the ancient criminal inquiry system, the purpose of which is to objectively evaluate the criminal inquiry system and to face up to the historical inevitability of the existence of the ancient criminal inquiry system. So that we can have a clearer understanding of the origin and long-term existence of torture, which is beneficial to modern judicial practice. The article first examines the origin of the ancient criminal inquiry system, and expounds the inevitable connection between the shaking of the "divine judgment thought" and the appearance of the phenomenon of torture. The author thinks that torture is not an invention of the ancients, but a helpless choice made in order to obtain the truth of the case after the trial was changed from "divine judgment" to secularization. After combing the rules of torture in successive dynasties, the author explores the development of the ancient system of torture, and thinks that the ancient system of torture is constantly improved according to the concept of limitation. By the Tang Dynasty, the ancient system of torture has been very complete, not only stipulated the object, mode and times of torture, but also defined the responsibility of officials illegal torture. After that, the article analyzes the cases of torture in the historical data, investigates the judicial practice of the system of torture, and reveals the actual operation of the ancient system of torture. It is believed that the unjust cases in ancient China were not the result of the official's lawful torture, but on the contrary, the result of the extra-legal punishment in violation of the criminal inquiry system. Then, on the basis of the first part, the article summarizes the features and functions of the ancient torture system. Influenced by the thought of careful punishment, the ancient Chinese criminal interrogation system has three main characteristics: first, the punishment after the interrogation, the second, the degree of interrogation, and the third, the severe punishment of the officials' illegal torture. In the end, the article analyzes the ancient torture system from two different contexts: ancient and modern. In ancient times, the system of torture was legal, and it did play the role of helping officials interrogate to find out the case, but in practice there appeared the phenomenon of illegal torture. Judging from the modern concept of human rights and the concept of justice, any torture is illegal and a violation of human rights. We should strictly prohibit it, but we cannot deny it. It is still a convenient and efficient way to find out the truth of the case through torture suspects. Therefore, when the cases encounter difficulties, when faced with the pressure of time limit and rate of detection, judicial personnel can easily pick up the ancient means of handling criminal cases, which is the reason why torture is not forbidden in modern society.
【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D929

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