新西兰证据法的演变与启示

发布时间：2018-05-08 11:50

本文选题：新西兰 + 证据法　；参考：《西南政法大学》2015年博士论文

【摘要】：新西兰的历史并不算长,毛利人在距今约800至1000年的时候来到这儿,新西兰才开始有了人类居住。1769年英国人库克登陆新西兰,在此之前新西兰的发展是非常缓慢的,也是非常落后的。库克登陆之后,欧洲人不断地来到新西兰掠夺当地的资源,但也在一定程度上给新西兰带来了西方的文明,促进了新西兰的发展。1840年英国政府与毛利人签订了《怀唐伊条约》,新西兰正式成为英国的殖民地,并逐渐成为一个主权独立的国家。从1840年开始,新西兰有了政府,并且得到了迅速的发展。从这个时候算起,新西兰至今也就175年的时间。新西兰的历史虽然不长,但它是个移民国家,大部分人口来自欧洲,因此它继承了西方的文明。由于新西兰作为英国的殖民地,开始适用英国的法律,因此新西兰属于普通法系,它的法律包括制定法和判例法。但是,新西兰的法律在继承英国法律的基础上,又结合自己的具体情况,进行了很大的变革和创新,形成了自己传统和特色。本文的题目为“新西兰证据法的演变与启示”,旨在介绍新西兰证据法演变的历史,分析新西兰证据法演变的规律,进而探讨新西兰证据法的演变对于我国证据法修改的启示。由于新西兰证据法的演变与新西兰的历史以及法律体系是密切相关的,因此本文开始首先简单地介绍了新西兰的历史与它的法律制度。文章全部内容如下：第一章,新西兰基本法律制度简介。本章分为四节,分别是第一节新西兰法律形式,介绍新西兰的制定法、普通法与衡平法；第二节新西兰宪法与国家机构,介绍了新西兰的宪法、选举制度与国家机构；第三节新西兰司法机构,介绍了新西兰的普通法院与专门法院；第四节新西兰民法与刑法,介绍新西兰的民法与刑法的基本制度。本章也非文章的重点,旨在通过本章的介绍,让读者对于新西兰基本法律制度有一个整体的把握和了解,为后面证据法演变的阐述打下基础。因为证据法也属于新西兰的法律,它的形式与其他法律是一样的,而且其他法律的变化影响着证据法的变化。第二章,新西兰证据法的演变,这是文章的重要内容,所以进行了详细的阐述与介绍。对于新西兰的证据法,以是否存在标志性《证据法》为标准,划分为四个阶段,每个阶段作为一节。它们分别是第一节1905年之前的新西兰证据法,详细介绍了1905年之前的14部证据法律法规并且逐条翻译成中文,然后总结了1905年之前新西兰证据法的特点。当然,14部法律都是制定法。由于英国属于普通法系,判例法也是其法律渊源,所以本章也选了两个判例进行了介绍,但是判例法并非文章论述的重点。第二节1905-1907年新西兰证据法。这一阶段虽然时间较短,但是这一阶段制定了新西兰历史上第一部比较系统和全面的证据法,即《1905年证据法》。由于这一阶段的时间较短,只有两部证据法即《1905年证据法》与《1907年外国法庭证据法》。《1907年外国法庭证据法》也是新西兰历史上一部比较重要的证据法,它标志着新西兰开始有了涉外证据法。这一阶段仍然介绍了两个比较典型的判例,以说明新西兰这一阶段的判例法。最后,总结了新西兰证据法在这一阶段的特点。第三节1908-2005年新西兰证据法。这一阶段时间较长,将近100年的时间,是四个阶段中最长的一个阶段。这一阶段标志性的证据法即《1908年证据法》,该法是前一阶段两部证据法的结合,因此它的创新和发展并不突出。由于这个原因,该法存在的问题也较多,所以后来制定了30多个修正案予以补充。因此这一阶段最为突出的一个特点就是时间最长,立法数量最多。当然,由于新西兰属于普通法系的特征,笔者也没有忘记介绍判例法,仍然选了两个典型的判例加以介绍。第四节2006年-至今新西兰证据法。这一阶段是的时间不长,但是颁布了历史上立法水平最高的证据法即《2006年证据法》,而且制定了极有特色的一项制度,即证据法实施评价制度。这一制度对于发现证据法实施中存在的缺陷和不足,以及提出合理化建议具有重要价值和意义。除此之外,这一阶段还出现了前面三个阶段所没有的一种证据法律形式,即《2007年证据规章》。而且这一阶段的时间距离当前最近,很多证据制度值得我国学习和借鉴。详细阐述新西兰证据法的历史并非本文的最终目的,本文的最终目的是通过对新西兰证据法历史的介绍,总结新西兰证据法演变的规律,并为我国证据法的修改提供可资借鉴的经验。因此新西兰证据法的历史介绍之后,接着就要分析证据法演变的规律。第三章新西兰证据法演变的规律与原因,这是本文最重要的一章,也是本文的核心。该章从四个方面探讨了新西兰证据法演变的规律,从内容上分为四节,分别是第一节证据法演变与社会发展,探讨了社会形势、宗教信仰以及科技进步与证据法演变的关系；第二节证据法演变与政治制度,探讨了权力分立与制衡、司法独立以及民主制度与证据法演变的关系；第三节证据法演变与其他法律,探讨了新西兰宪法以及宪法之外其他法律的变化与证据法演变的关系；第四节证据法演变与立法经验,探讨了立法经验与证据法演变的关系。通过本章的探讨与分析,基本搞清了新西兰证据法演变的规律,为我国证据法的修改与完善提供了理论依据。目前我国正在进行社会主义法律体系的修改与完善,证据法是我国社会主义法律体系的重要组成部分,证据法的修改与完善在我国也是非常重要的。从上个世纪90年代开始,很多专家学者就提出了修改和完善我国证据法的很多建议。但是学者们各持己见,相互争论,很多方面一直未能达成一致。俗话说：他山之石,可以攻玉。那么,新西兰证据法的演变对于我国的证据法是否有所启示呢?对于这个问题,首先需要搞清楚我国证据法与新西兰证据法的区别。因此,第五章就对两国的证据法进行了比较。第四章新西兰证据法与新中国证据法的比较。对于两国的证据法,分别从历史、形式、结构以及内容四个方面进行了比较。第一节两国证据法的历史比较,第二节两国证据法的形式比较,第三节两国证据法的结构比较,第四节两国证据法的内容比较。内容的比较又细分为证据种类、排除规则、保密规则、特权规则以及程序规则五个方面。通过对两个国家证据法的比较,知道了我国证据法存在的缺陷和不足,就可以有的放矢地提出修改和完善的建议,即第六章新西兰证据法对中国证据法修改和完善的启示。第五章具体分为三节,分别是第一节统一《证据法》的制定,通过本节驳斥了反对制定统一《证据法》的观点,并且提出了自己关于制定统一《证据法》的理由；第二节具体规则的完善,由于证据法中的具体规则较多,因此只重点分析了排除规则、特权规则和程序规则三个规则的完善；第三节证据法实施定期评价制度的建立。证据法实施定期评价制度是一项具有重要价值与意义的制度,它对于发现证据法实施中的缺陷与不足,提出修改与完善证据法具有重要的作用,因此最后提出在我国建立这一制度的必要性。新西兰证据法的历史虽然时间不长,但是制定法经过多次的修改,出现了三部标志性的法律以及许许多多的修正案。无论是三部标志性的《证据法》,还是多个修正案,虽然有的已经被废除了,但都在历史上起过一定的作用,留下了历史的印记。新西兰证据法的演变有着自己独特的规律,这些规律对于我国证据法的修改与完善有着一定的借鉴价值和启示意义。当然,本文还存在着不少问题,希望以后继续深入研究新西兰证据法,以便为我国证据法的修改与完善提供合理化的建议。
[Abstract]:The history of New Zealand was not long. The Maori came here from 800 to 1000, and New Zealand began to live in New Zealand when Cook landed in New Zealand in.1769. The development of New Zealand was very slow and very backward. After Cook landed, the Europeans came to New Zealand and plundered the local. Resources, but also to a certain extent, brought New Zealand to the Western civilization, and promoted the development of New Zealand in.1840, the British government signed the Treaty of "the Huai Tang Yi" with the Maori. New Zealand became a British colony and gradually became a sovereign state. Since 1840, New Zealand has a government, and has received the rapid development of the New Zealand. Fast development. Since this time, New Zealand has been 175 years. New Zealand has not long history, but it is an immigrant country, most of its population comes from Europe, so it inherits Western civilization. Since New Zealand is a British colony, it begins to apply the law of England, so New Zealand belongs to the common law system, it is a common law system. The law includes the law of formulation and the law of case. However, New Zealand's laws, on the basis of inheriting the laws of the United Kingdom, have made great changes and innovations in combination with their specific circumstances. The title of this article is "the evolution and Enlightenment of the New Zealand evidence law", which aims to introduce the history of the evolution of New Zealand evidence law. The evolution of New Zealand evidence law is analyzed, and then the Enlightenment of the evolution of New Zealand evidence law to the amendment of evidence law in China is discussed. Since the evolution of New Zealand evidence law is closely related to the history of New Zealand and the legal system, this article begins with a brief introduction to the history and legal system of New Zealand. The following contents are as follows: Chapter 1, introduction of New Zealand basic legal system. This chapter is divided into four sections, the first New Zealand legal form, the introduction of New Zealand law, general law and equity, and the second New Zealand constitution and national institutions, introducing the constitution of New Zealand, the election system and national institutions, and the Third New Zealand judiciary, This chapter introduces the general court and the special court of New Zealand, and the fourth section of New Zealand civil law and criminal law, which introduces the basic system of civil law and criminal law in New Zealand. This chapter is not the focus of the article. The purpose of this chapter is to make readers understand and understand the basic legal system of New Zealand as a whole and to explain the evolution of the following evidence law. Because the evidence law also belongs to New Zealand law, its form is the same as other laws, and the changes of other laws affect the change of the evidence law. The second chapter, the evolution of the New Zealand evidence law, is an important content of the article. In the landmark < evidence > as the standard, it is divided into four stages, each stage as a section. They are the first section of the New Zealand evidence law before the first section of 1905, detailing the 14 evidence laws and regulations before 1905 and translating them into Chinese one by one, and then summarizing the characteristics of the New Zealand evidence law before 1905. Of course, 14 laws are all It is a law making. Since Britain belongs to the common law system, case law is also the source of its law, so this chapter also introduces two jurisprudence, but the case law is not the focus of the article. The second section and 1905-1907 year New Zealand evidence law. This stage although the time is short, but this stage made the first comparison in New Zealand history. The system and the comprehensive evidence law, that is, the <1905 evidence law is more than. Because the time of this stage is shorter, only two evidence law, <1905 evidence law, and <1907 foreign tribunal evidence law >.<1907, is also a more important evidence law in New Zealand history, which marks New Zealand's beginning to have foreign evidence law. Two typical cases are also introduced to illustrate the case law of New Zealand at this stage. Finally, it summarizes the characteristics of New Zealand evidence law at this stage. The third section, 1908-2005 years of New Zealand evidence law. This period is longer, nearly 100 years, the longest of the four stages. This stage is a sign. The law of evidence, <1908, is the combination of the two evidence law of the previous stage, so its innovation and development are not outstanding. For this reason, there are more problems in the law, so more than 30 amendments have been made. Therefore, the most prominent feature of this stage is the longest time and the number of legislation. Of course, since New Zealand belongs to the common law system, I have not forgotten to introduce the case law, and still choose two typical cases to introduce them. The fourth section 2006 - New Zealand evidence law. This stage is not long, but the evidence law of the highest level of history in history, that is, the <2006 evidence law, has been promulgated, and The system is of great value and significance to the discovery of defects and deficiencies in the implementation of evidence law and the suggestion of rationalization in the implementation of evidence law. In addition, there is a legal form of evidence in the first three stages, that is, evidence for <2007. Regulations are more than. And the time distance of this stage is recently recently, and many evidence systems are worth learning and drawing lessons from. The history of New Zealand evidence law is not the ultimate purpose of this article. The ultimate aim of this article is to summarize the law of the evolution of New Zealand evidence law by introducing the history of New Zealand evidence law and for our evidence law. After the introduction of New Zealand evidence law, the law of the evolution of evidence law should be analyzed. The law and reason of the evolution of New Zealand evidence law in the third chapter is the most important chapter and the core of this article. This chapter discusses the law of the evolution of New Zealand evidence law from four aspects. The capacity is divided into four sections, the first section of the evolution of evidence law and social development, the relationship between social situation, religious belief and the evolution of scientific and technological progress and evidence law; the second section of evidence law evolution and political system, the relationship between power separation and balance, judicial independence and the evolution of democratic system and evidence law; the third section of evidence law. The relationship between the changes of New Zealand constitution and other laws outside the Constitution and the evolution of the evidence law is discussed. The relationship between the evolution of the fourth section of evidence law and the legislative experience is discussed. Through the discussion and analysis of this chapter, the law of the evolution of New Zealand evidence law is basically clarified and the evidence for our country is made. The amendment and perfection of the law provide a theoretical basis. At present, our country is making a revision and improvement of the socialist legal system. The evidence law is an important part of our socialist legal system. The revision and improvement of the evidence law is also very important in our country. Since the 90s of last century, many experts and scholars have put forward a revision. There are many suggestions to improve our country's evidence law. However, scholars hold their own opinions and argue each other and have been unable to reach agreement in many aspects. As the saying goes, "other mountain stones" can be used to attack jade. Then, is the evolution of New Zealand evidence law enlightenment to our country's evidence law? The fifth chapter makes a comparison between the evidence law of the two countries. The fourth chapter compares the New Zealand evidence law with the new China evidence law. The evidence law of the two countries is compared from four aspects of history, form, structure and content. The first section of the evidence law of the two countries is compared, and the evidence law of the two countries is second. The comparison of the third forms of evidence, the comparison of the structure of the evidence law of the two countries and the comparison of the content of the fourth state evidence law. The comparison of the contents is subdivided into the categories of evidence, the rule of exclusion, the rules of secrecy, the rules of the privileges and the rules of procedure in five aspects. By comparing the evidence law of the two countries, the defects and shortcomings of the existence of the evidence law in our country are known. The suggestion of modification and perfection can be put forward in a definite direction, that is, the Enlightenment of the sixth chapter of New Zealand evidence law on the revision and improvement of the Chinese evidence law. The fifth chapter is divided into three sections, respectively, the first section of the unified < evidence law >. The reasons for the evidence law; the perfection of the second section of the specific rules, due to the more specific rules in the evidence law, only focus on the analysis of the three rules of the rule of exclusion, the rules of privileges and the rules of procedure, and the establishment of the regular evaluation system in the third section of evidence law. The system of periodic evaluation of the implementation of the evidence law is of great value and meaning. It has an important role in the discovery of defects and deficiencies in the implementation of the evidence law and the improvement and improvement of the evidence law. Therefore, it finally puts forward the necessity of establishing this system in our country. The history of New Zealand evidence law is not long, but the formulation of law has been amended by many times and three landmark laws have appeared and There are a number of amendments. No matter the three marks of the "evidence law >" or a number of amendments, although some have been abolished, they have played a certain role in history, leaving a historical mark. The evolution of New Zealand evidence law has its own unique laws. These laws have a great effect on the revision and improvement of our evidence law. Of course, there are still many problems in this paper, and we hope to continue to study the New Zealand evidence law in order to provide reasonable suggestions for the revision and improvement of the evidence law in China.

【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D961.2

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