领事裁判权制度的确立、扩大成因分析及对我国的影响

发布时间：2018-06-08 08:08

本文选题：领事裁判权 + 司法特权　；参考：《吉林大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：领事裁判权，这个对于当今社会的年轻人来说似乎有些陌生的词汇，在新中国建立前，特别是在19世纪中叶到20世纪二三十年代，因它在中国的确立和扩大而带给中国的灾难，使我们至今不愿提起这段历史。但是，回避不等于忘却，我们只有正视这段屈辱史，才能让我国的法制变得更加完善和成熟。本文坚持唯物主义史学观点，运用历史分析法，从以下几个部分审视在华领事裁判权制度：第一部分考察了领事裁判权的确立、扩大的过程及成因。笔者认为，首先，鸦片战争前，中西方之间司法管辖纠纷最初并非是国家之间的对立，而是西方商人或欧洲贸易公司对抗晚清政府的个人行为。但是，随着中西方贸易冲突的加剧，西方列强，尤其是英国，开始以武力的方式直接干涉其中。中西方司法管辖权之争也上升到国家之间的冲突，并最终导致了一场对中国产生深远影响的战争。其次，在论述英国发动鸦片战争、谋求领事裁判权的动机时，，笔者认为，虽有英国为了维护鸦片贸易的商业利益因素，但是，中西方法律文化的差异，也是另外一个重要的因素。英国要求特权也有出于保护在华侨民的人身与财产安全的目的。最后，笔者按取得领事裁判权的时间先后顺序，以表格的形式向读者介绍了在华取得领事裁判权的国家。同时指出，领事裁判权扩大的成因是西方列强利益均沾和晚清政府腐败无能共同作用的结果。本文第二部分考察了领事裁判权制度的具体内容。首先，笔者分类论述了各国领事裁判权的行使机构。有的国家，同时设立领事法庭和领事法院，以英美为代表。多数国家仅设立领事法庭。民事诉讼，诉讼金额不大的可以进行审理；刑事诉讼，轻微罪行的可以进行裁决。如果是命案等重罪，则只能预审，最终审判将由上诉法院执行。其次，笔者根据涉案当事人的国籍不同，将领事裁判权的司法管辖案件分为两类。第一类是外国人之间的案件，通常是由涉案当事人所属国领事，根据双方所签订的条约、规定协商解决，中国官员不得干涉。第二类是中外混合案件，刑事案件，外国被告人交由其所属国领事审理；民事案件，通常是先行劝息，如若不成，在会同审理。最后，笔者讨论了两种特殊的领事裁判权制度，即官审制度和会审公廨，其特殊之处在于，仅在中国的某些区域对中国人实行法律管辖。本文第三部分考察了领事裁判权制度的危害。笔者认为，列强在华的这种司法特权被任意普及到了外国企业和为外国商人服务的买办身上。在中外贸易纠纷中，通过不公正的审判损害中国民族工商业利益。在商业竞争中，通过扶持和庇护买办来达到打压、挤垮中国民族产业的险恶目的。本文第四部分考察了领事裁判权制度的客观意义。笔者认为，任何事物都具有两面性，即使是领事裁判权这种非法特权也不例外。但是我们也应该清醒的认识到，这种意义是被迫的，是晚清政府在面对统治危机时的一种自救行为。笔者认为，在建设社会主义现代法治的今天，我们不仅要注重提升自身的经济、军事实力，更要加强法律文化、法律制度的建设。只有这样，我们才能真正建设成为一个真正的社会主义法治国家。
[Abstract]:Consular jurisdiction, which seems to be a strange word for young people in today's society, before the establishment of new China, especially in the middle of the nineteenth Century to 20s and 30s twentieth Century, has brought disaster to China because of its establishment and expansion in China, so far we are reluctant to lift this history. However, avoidance is not equal to forget, we only Faced with this humiliating history, we can make our legal system more perfect and mature.
This article adheres to the viewpoint of historical materialism and uses historical analysis to examine the system of consular jurisdiction in China from the following parts: the first part examines the establishment of consular jurisdiction, the process and causes of expansion. The author holds that, first, before the Opium War, the dispute between the jurisdiction of the Chinese and the West was not the first of the States. Western businessmen or European trade companies fought against the individual behavior of the late Qing government. However, with the intensification of the conflict between China and the west, the Western powers, especially the UK, began to intervene directly in the way of force. The dispute between Chinese and Western jurisdictions also rose to the conflict between countries, and eventually led to a far-reaching impact on China. Second, when discussing the motivation of the Opium War and the seeking of consular jurisdiction in Britain, the author believes that, although there is a British commercial interest in the opium trade, the difference between the Chinese and the western laws and culture is another important factor. Finally, the author introduced consular jurisdiction in China in the form of a form in the form of the time sequence of obtaining consular jurisdiction. At the same time, it was pointed out that the cause of the enlargement of the consular jurisdiction was the result of the mutual benefit of the Western powers' interests and the inability of the late Qing government to corrupt.
The second part of this article examines the specific content of the consular jurisdiction system. First, the author classifications and discuss the exercise institutions of consular jurisdiction in various countries. Some countries, at the same time, establish consular and consular courts, on behalf of the United States and Britain. Most countries only set up consular courts. Civil litigation, the small amount of litigation can be tried; criminal prosecution. A minor crime may be adjudicated. If it is a serious crime such as a case, the final trial will be prejudged and the final trial will be carried out by the court of appeal. Secondly, the author divides the jurisdiction cases of consular jurisdiction into two categories according to the nationality of the parties involved. According to the treaty signed by both sides, the Chinese officials shall not interfere with the settlement of the negotiation. The second category is a mixed case in China and foreign countries, a criminal case, and a foreign accused person to the consulate of his own country; the civil case is usually a pretrial, if not, in the same trial. Finally, the author discusses the two special consular jurisdiction system, that is, the official trial. The particularity of the system and joint hearing is that it only exercises jurisdiction over Chinese in certain areas of China.
The third part of this article examines the harm of the consular jurisdiction system. The author believes that the judicial privileges of the powers in China are arbitrarily popularized to foreign and foreign merchants. In the Sino foreign trade disputes, the unfair trial damages the interests of the Chinese national industry and commerce through unfair trials. In the commercial competition, it is supported and sheltered by support and shelter. The comprador office is a dangerous target to crush and crush China's national industry.
The fourth part of this article examines the objective significance of the consular jurisdiction system. I think that everything has two sides, even the illegal privilege of the consular jurisdiction is no exception. But we should also be aware that this meaning is forced and is a self rescue act in the face of the ruling crisis in the late Qing Dynasty. In order to build a socialist modern rule of law, we should not only pay attention to improving our own economy and military strength, but also strengthen the legal culture and the construction of the legal system. Only in this way can we truly build a socialist country under the rule of law.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D929

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