明清时期地权秩序的构造及其启示

发布时间：2018-06-27 11:42

本文选题：管业秩序 + 地权分化　；参考：《法学研究》2017年05期

【摘要】：明清时期的地权秩序表现为受制于国家政治权力的宏观地权秩序与乡土社会原生自发形成的微观地权秩序的二元结构。民间地权秩序以"业"为核心概念,以私人契约为工具,分化为永佃、一田二主、典制等多样态的管业层级以及典卖、活卖、绝卖等一系列交易形态。诸管业层级根据经营收益、流通性、管业年限与税赋风险等四种影响因子,体现为不同的权利内容与地权价值。诸地权交易类型以当前收益与未来收益两个维度构建起统一的交易链条与理论框架。民间自发的地权分化所催生的复杂地权结构起到了明晰产权与降低交易成本的积极功效,其成因根植于明清社会经济的变迁之中。明清时期地权秩序呈现出来的抽象和相对性观念、时间维度上的灵活性特征,不同于大陆法系以绝对所有权为中心的物权观念以及"所有权—他物权"结构,这一观察对我国农地"三权分置"改革颇具启发意义。
[Abstract]:The order of land rights in the Ming and Qing dynasties was the dual structure of the macro-order of land rights which was restricted by the political power of the state and the micro-order of land rights formed spontaneously by the native society. The order of civil land rights takes "industry" as the core concept and private contract as the tool. It is divided into permanent tenancy, one field and two owners, the canonical system and so on, and a series of transaction forms such as classic sale, live sale, absolute sale and so on. According to the operating income, circulation, the number of years of management and tax risk, the four influencing factors are different content of rights and value of land rights. The transaction types of land rights construct a unified transaction chain and theoretical framework based on the two dimensions of current income and future income. The complex structure of land ownership caused by the spontaneous division of land rights played a positive role in clarifying property rights and reducing transaction costs, and its causes were rooted in the social and economic changes of Ming and Qing dynasties. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, the concept of abstraction and relativity in the order of land rights, and the characteristics of flexibility in the dimension of time, are different from the concept of real right centered on absolute ownership in the continental law system and the structure of "ownership-other real right". This observation is instructive to the reform of the three-power division of farmland in our country.
【作者单位】：清华大学法学院;
【基金】：国家社科基金青年项目(16CFX033) 清华大学自主科研计划课题(2015THZ0)的阶段性成果
【分类号】：D929

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