霍布斯自然法思想探析

发布时间：2018-07-14 08:07

【摘要】：霍布斯的自然法思想不仅是其政治哲学的理论核心,在自然法思想史上更是一极为重要的转折点。霍布斯对传统自然法思想进行的不是某些理论环节和部分的延伸和修补,而是根本上改变了自然法思想的理论前提。因此,霍布斯自然法思想表达的是不同于传统的理论思考方式及其精神。本文将以霍布斯的自然法思想为考察对象,以其理论前提和理论内容为重点,通过对霍布斯自然法思想理论逻辑的演进的考察以揭示霍布斯的自然法思想在其政治哲学中的理论作用和地位。同时,本文试图将理论比较的方法融入对霍布斯自然法思想理论逻辑演进的过程之中以彰显霍布斯自然法思想有着怎样的理论革命性以及局限。第一章；传统自然法思想的理论概观。传统自然法乃是霍布斯自然法思想的理论对话者,传统自然法思想的“缺席”,将使得霍布斯的自然法思想面临“失语”的境地。因此,本文第一章将通过对传统自然法思想的理论概观揭示出传统自然法思想的理论特质,以为霍布斯的自然法思想的理论探讨做好理论的铺垫。第二章；霍布斯机械唯物主义的考察。霍布斯利用机械唯物主义颠覆了传统自然法思想的理论前提的同时也为其人性事实何以是事实提供了理论基础和依据。因此,本章对霍布斯机械唯物主义的考察对于全文至关重要,这主要取决于本文持有主要观点,霍布斯自然法思想和传统自然法思想的背后实则是宇宙机械论和宇宙目的论的理论对立。本章分四节,第一节是想通过对霍布斯机械唯物主义的考察以更好地说明霍布斯的机械唯物主义乃是扎根于文艺复兴以来的自然数学化的思想之中的,而自然数学化则是机械宇宙论得以建立的方式。因此,本节的目的是更好地理解霍布斯的机械唯物主义何以能够撼动悠久而深厚的理论传统。本章第二节正式进入霍布斯的机械唯物主义的探讨,旨在揭示人性事实的理论基础的同时彰显其机械唯物主义的理论特质。本章第三节是对霍布斯的机械唯物主义的理论逻辑理路的简要梳理,以进一步揭示人性事实的理论逻辑是如何酝酿于机械唯物主义之中的。本章第四节旨在解决霍布斯的机械唯物主义对传统自然法思想何以能够形成致命性的理论冲击,同时,该节形成对第一章的理论呼应以保证霍布斯的自然法和传统自然法实现实质性的理论对话。第三章；霍布斯自然法思想理论前提的考察。本章的第一节是从理性的角度来考察人性事实以彰显霍布斯与传统理论对人和理性理解的理论差异。本章的第二节从激情的角度考察人性事实,旨在通过对激情的详细考察来以回答作为人性之恶的根源的激情何以能够成为人类自我认识和评判的立足点的问题。因此,本节不可避免地触及了霍布斯的道德理论以为霍布斯的自然法与道德的关系的探讨做好理论准备。第四章；霍布斯的自然状态的理论考察。本章的第一节是对霍布斯的自然状态的理论性质以及方法论意义的考察以彰显政治哲学论证框架的理论特质。本章的第二节和第三节分别对自然状态何以如此的原因以及自然法何以可能进行考察,这两节可以看作是对第三章第二节的理论回应,而这则是由霍布斯的激情理论的作用和地位决定的。本章的第三节是对自然状态中的理性的考察,旨在为自然法的思想内容的探讨做好理论准备。第五章；霍布斯自然法的理论灵魂。第一自然法和第二自然法乃是霍布斯自然法思想理论内容的核心。而第一自然法和第二自然法之所以是自然法思想的核心是因为二者乃是原初契约的前提和条件。因此,本章第一节是对第一自然法和第二自然法的考察,旨在把握二者逻辑关系以及理论内涵的同时引出对原初契约的探讨,从而把握自然法经过契约而通达利维坦的理论逻辑理路。第六章；文明状态中的自然法。本章的第一节是对霍布斯的自然法与道德的考察,该节再次形成对霍布斯的激情理论的回应,通过自然法和道德关系的考察揭示出霍布斯自然法思想是如何催生出功利主义道德哲学的理论萌芽的。第二节是对霍布斯的自然法与实在法关系的考察,该节旨在通过比较的方法以实现霍布斯自然法与传统自然法的理论对话以彰显霍布斯对法律理解的独特性。最后,我们将对霍布斯的自然法思想进行总结。
[Abstract]:Hobbes's thought of natural law is not only the theoretical core of his political philosophy, but also a very important turning point in the history of natural law. Hobbes's thought of the traditional natural law is not the extension and repair of some theoretical links and parts, but a fundamental change in the theoretical premise of the natural law thought. Therefore, Hobbes's natural law is the natural law. The expression of thinking is different from the traditional way of thinking and its spirit.
This article will take Hobbes's natural law thought as the object of investigation, focusing on its theoretical premise and theoretical content. Through the investigation of the evolution of the logic of Hobbes's natural law theory, it will reveal the theoretical role and position of Hobbes's natural law thought in his political philosophy. In the process of the evolution of the theory logic of buss natural law, it shows the theoretical revolutionary and limitations of Hobbes's natural law thought.
The first chapter is an overview of the theory of the traditional natural law thought. The traditional natural law is the theoretical interlocutor of Hobbes's natural law thought. The "Absence" of the traditional natural law thought will make Hobbes's natural law thought "Aphasia". Therefore, the first chapter of this article will reveal the tradition through the theoretical overview of the traditional natural law thought. The theoretical characteristics of natural law thought lay a foundation for Hobbes's theory of natural law.
The second chapter: the investigation of Hobbes's mechanical materialism. Hobbes uses mechanical materialism to subvert the theoretical premise of the traditional natural law and also provides the theoretical basis and basis for the fact that the fact of human nature is the fact. Therefore, this chapter is crucial to the full text of Hobbes's mechanical materialism, which is mainly determined by this chapter. This article holds the main point of view, Hobbes's natural law thought and the traditional natural law thought are behind the theoretical antagonism of the cosmic mechanical theory and the universe teleology. This chapter is divided into four sections. The first section is to show that Hobbes's mechanical materialism is rooted in the Renaissance through the investigation of Hobbes's mechanical materialism. Naturally mathematically thought, and natural mathematically is a way of establishing mechanical cosmology. Therefore, the purpose of this section is to better understand why Hobbes's mechanical materialism can shake the long and profound theoretical tradition. The second section of this chapter is formally introduced into Hobbes's mechanical materialism and aims to reveal people. The theoretical basis of the sexual fact shows the theoretical characteristics of its mechanical materialism. The third section of this chapter is a brief review of Hobbes's theoretical logic of mechanical materialism, in order to further reveal how the theoretical logic of human facts is brewed in mechanical materialism. The fourth section of this chapter aims to solve Hobbes's machine. How the materialist materialism can create a fatal theoretical impact on the traditional natural law thought, at the same time, this section forms a theoretical echo to the first chapter in order to ensure the substantive dialogue between Hobbes's natural law and the traditional natural law.
The third chapter: the investigation of the premise of Hobbes's theory of natural law. The first section of this chapter is to examine the human facts from a rational point of view to highlight the theoretical differences between Hobbes and the traditional theory on human and rational understanding. The second section of this chapter examines the human facts from the angle of passion, and aims to answer as an answer through the detailed investigation of passion. The passion of the root of the evil of human nature can be the foothold of human self recognition and judgment. Therefore, this section inevitably touches on the theoretical preparation of Hobbes's moral theory that Hobbes's relationship between natural law and morality is discussed.
The fourth chapter: the theoretical investigation of Hobbes's natural state. The first section of this chapter is to examine the theoretical nature of Hobbes's natural state and the significance of methodology to highlight the theoretical characteristics of the framework of political philosophical argument. The second and third sections of this chapter are about the reasons for the state of nature and how the natural law may be carried out, respectively. The two sections can be regarded as the theoretical response to the third chapter and the second section, and this is determined by the role and position of Hobbes's passion theory. The third section of this chapter is the investigation of the rational in the state of nature, which is intended to prepare the theory for the discussion of the ideological content of the natural law.
The fifth chapter, the theoretical soul of Hobbes's natural law. The first natural law and the second natural law are the core of the content of Hobbes's theory of natural law. The first natural law and the second natural law are the core of the thought of natural law because the two are the preconditions and conditions of the original contract. The study of the second natural law is aimed at grasping the logical relationship between the two parties and the theoretical connotation at the same time, which leads to the discussion of the original contract, so as to grasp the logical logic of the natural law through the contract and to the theoretical logic of Levitan.
The sixth chapter; the natural law in the state of civilization. The first section of this chapter is the investigation of Hobbes's natural law and morality. This section again forms a response to Hobbes's theory of passion. Through the investigation of the natural law and moral relations, it reveals how Hobbes's natural law thought germinated the theory of utilitarianism and moral philosophy. Second The festival is an investigation of the relationship between Hobbes's natural law and the real law, which aims to realize the unique nature of Hobbes's understanding of the law by means of a comparative method to realize the theoretical dialogue between Hobbes's natural law and the traditional natural law.
Finally, we will summarize Hobbes's natural law thoughts.
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D909.1

【参考文献】