美国联邦反托拉斯法的历史经验与世界性影响

发布时间：2018-08-15 18:12

【摘要】：作为规范市场竞争的基本法律,反托拉斯法或反垄断法、竞争法在西方成熟市场经济国家有着“自由企业大宪章”、“经济宪法”等称谓,可见其对于市场经济体制的意义以及在整个法律体系中的重要性。1890年《谢尔曼法》的出台具有十分重要的意义。该法不仅仅是许多学者眼中现代经济法产生的重要标志,以其为基础发展起来的美国联邦反托拉斯法也是目前全球一百多部竞争法或反垄断法的共同“祖先”,迄今为止仍是全世界范围内体系最为严密、执法经验最为丰富、理论最为发达的一部竞争法。其120多年的发展历程为其他国家或者地区提供了极为丰富而宝贵的竞争法制经验。“以史为鉴,可以知兴衰”。对于他国法制历史经验的研究同样有助于对本国问题的思考。特别是在经济领域的法律政策方面,由于意识形态涉及较少,可资借鉴之处会更多一些。因此,对美国联邦反托拉斯法历史经验的总结不仅具有重要的理论价值,也对我国《反垄断法》的完善和实践有着直接的、重要的应用价值。美国联邦反托拉斯法的产生有着深刻的历史背景,与其所处时代和美国的政治、法律传统密不可分。1890年《谢尔曼法》出台后,基于对其实施状况的不满,就有了1914年《克莱顿法》和《联邦贸易委员会法》。这三部国会立法奠定了联邦反托拉斯法的基本框架,此后主导制度演化的主角则变成了联邦法院、特别是联邦最高法院。在其百年历史中逐渐发展出当代各国竞争法普遍采用的各项制度及理论,并伴随着政治经济社会变迁和理论发展而发生周期性的宽严变化。在其历史演进中,也逐渐形成了联邦反托拉斯法在美国社会的独特地位,包括理念上与宪法相类比、一直处于国家经济政策的核心地位、以及发达的竞争文化体现出的美国社会的普遍认同；在其历史发展中,经济学界也从一开始的漠不关心到逐渐参与其中,发展到今天经济学获得了美国联邦执法机构和学者所普遍承认的中心地位,为联邦反托拉斯法更好地适用提供了有力的支持；该法具有良好的实施机制,拥有强有力的联邦执法机构,独特的三倍损害赔偿和私人执行制度,联邦法院也通过富有弹性的判断标准塑造了该法如今的面貌。美国联邦反托拉斯法的上述特点或者说经验对其他国家或者地区影响极大,为所有的后来者提供了宝贵的制度和理论经验,其竞争政策在国家经济政策中的重要地位、对于效率的强调、经济学思想及工具的引入、私人执行以及其他大量实施方法的创造及应用,均有着世界性的影响。中国《反垄断法》立法和实施已经有过借鉴,未来也应更多地关注美国联邦反托拉斯法的百年历史经验。
[Abstract]:As the basic law of regulating market competition, antitrust law or antitrust law, competition law has the title "Magna Carta of Free Enterprise" and "Economic Constitution" in western mature market economy countries. It can be seen that its significance for the market economy system and the importance in the entire legal system. 1890 "Sherman Law" has a very important significance. This law is not only an important symbol of the emergence of modern economic law in the eyes of many scholars, but also the common "ancestor" of more than 100 competition or anti-monopoly laws in the world. Up to now, it is still a competition law with the most rigorous system, the most abundant enforcement experience and the most developed theory. Its 120-year development course has provided the extremely rich and precious competition legal system experience for other countries or regions. Take history as a mirror, you can know the rise and fall. The research on the historical experience of other countries' legal system is also helpful to thinking about their own problems. Especially in the economic field of legal policy, because ideology is less involved, there will be more to learn. Therefore, the summary of the historical experience of the United States Federal Antitrust Law not only has important theoretical value, but also has direct and important application value to the perfection and practice of our country's Antitrust Law. The emergence of the United States Federal Antitrust Law has a profound historical background, closely related to its era and the political and legal traditions of the United States. After the introduction of the Sherman Act in 1890, it was based on dissatisfaction with its implementation. There was the Clayton Act of 1914 and the Federal Trade Commission Act. These three pieces of legislation laid down the basic framework of federal antitrust law, and since then the leading role in the evolution of the system has become the federal court, especially the Supreme Court. In its century-old history, various systems and theories which are generally adopted in the competition law of various countries have been gradually developed, and accompanied by the political, economic and social changes and the development of theory, there have been periodic changes in leniency and strictness. In its historical evolution, the federal antitrust law gradually formed a unique position in American society, including the concept of analogy with the Constitution, has been in the core of national economic policy. And the popular recognition of American society embodied in the developed competitive culture. In its historical development, the economic circles also gradually participated from indifference at the beginning. The development of economics today has gained a central position generally recognized by federal law enforcement agencies and scholars in the United States, providing strong support for the better application of the Federal Antitrust Act, which has a good enforcement mechanism. With a strong federal law enforcement agency, a unique triple damages and private enforcement system, federal courts have also shaped the law with flexible criteria. The above characteristics of the United States Federal Antitrust Act, or experience, have a great impact on other countries or regions, providing valuable institutional and theoretical experience for all latecomers, and the importance of competition policy in national economic policy. The emphasis on efficiency, the introduction of economic ideas and tools, the creation and application of private execution and a large number of other implementation methods have a worldwide impact. China's Anti-monopoly Law has been legislated and implemented for reference, and more attention should be paid to the historical experience of the United States Federal Antitrust Law in the future.
【学位授予单位】：中南大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D971.2;DD912.29

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