南京国民政府卫生防疫立法研究

发布时间：2018-08-16 16:38

【摘要】：南京国民政府时期，疫病频发，疫死率高，给国家带来了极大的危害。伴随着近代化的加深，经济交往的增多，引发疫病的因素也更加复杂和多样。随着对外交往的增加，经济与技术的发展，人们对疫病认识逐渐加深，科学的防治思想也逐步形成。统治者逐渐意识到，完善而科学的防疫措施，是应对疫病的有效手段。思想的转变，带来了立法内容上的新变化，种痘、清洁、消毒和隔离等内容，开始进入防疫立法的范围。至南京国民政府时期，卫生防疫立法基本得到了深化和完善，形成了较为系统的体系。本文由引言、正文及结语组成。引言部分主要介绍研究价值、研究现状和研究方法等问题。正文共分为三大部分，是文章的主体。正文第一部分主要研究南京国民政府卫生防疫立法的背景。我国自古疫病频发，迷信的防疫思想和落后的防疫技术成为国家防疫事务的最大阻碍，但直到晚清时期，都并未制定专门的防疫立法，只是在相关的卫生法中对防疫事项有所规定，间接起到疫病防治的作用。近代以来，疫病的诱因和特点趋于复杂，使得防疫工作更加艰难。随着近代化的加深，西方科学的防疫思想随之传入，催生了我国的近代防疫立法。正文第二部分综述南京国民政府卫生防疫立法的内容。国民政府时期，政府采取了积极的态度和措施来应对疫病的防治，加快了国家的防疫建设，制定了系统的卫生防疫法规。该时期的立法主要可以分为两个阶段：第一，1927年至1937年，这一时期，政府进行了集中的立法，制定和颁布了一系列有关卫生防疫事务的法律规范，详细规定了疫病防治的各个方面；第二，1938年至1948年，抗日战争时期至南京国民政府末期,这一时期由于时局动荡、战争不断，立法相对放缓，而出台的法律也多是对卫生防疫工作的补充。与以往的立法相比，南京国民政府时期的卫生防疫立法：加强了地方的防疫建设，细化了防疫范围和防疫措施，法律的可操作性更强；防疫立法的重心由治疗转为预防，建立了疫情报告制度；规范了防疫人员和医疗人员的管理，为防疫工作提供了专业的医疗后盾；规定了法定的防疫宣传和卫生宣传活动，普及了科学的防疫知识。随着法律的实施，，国民政府建立了系统的防疫网络，深化和完善了卫生防疫法律体系。第三部分主要研究立法的成效和法律实施的效果，分析南京国民政府时期的卫生防疫立法对当代立法的借鉴价值。随着大量法律的颁布施行，一方面使得疫病的蔓延有所缓和，提高了民众的防疫意识、改善了公共卫生，在一定程度上减少了疫病带来的危害；另一方面，由于当时的经济发展缓慢、战事不断，再加上医疗水平落后和自然灾害等因素，极大的制约了法律的贯彻和实施。综合南京国民政府时期的卫生防疫立法，有一些值得当代立法的借鉴之处：政府将防疫工作纳入卫生行政之中，使其有了核心的主导力量；独立的卫生防疫体系的建立，有效发挥了法律的效力，推进了法律的施行；国家司法权惩治违法行为，首次确立了防疫法的强制力；将卫生宣传纳入法律规定之中，有效地提高了卫生知识和防疫思想的普及。
[Abstract]:During the period of Nanjing National Government, epidemic diseases occurred frequently and the mortality rate was high, which brought great harm to the country. With the deepening of modernization and the increase of economic exchanges, the factors causing epidemic diseases became more complicated and varied. The rulers gradually realized that perfect and scientific measures for epidemic prevention were effective means for dealing with epidemic diseases. The change of thought brought about new changes in legislative content, such as vaccination, cleaning, disinfection and isolation, and began to enter the scope of epidemic prevention legislation. A more systematic system has been formed.
The introduction mainly introduces the research value, the present research situation and the research method and so on. The main body is divided into three parts, which is the main body of the article.
The first part of the text mainly studies the background of the health and epidemic prevention legislation of the Nanjing National Government. Since ancient times, epidemic diseases have occurred frequently in China, superstitious ideas and backward epidemic prevention technology have become the biggest obstacles to national epidemic prevention. However, until the late Qing Dynasty, there was no special legislation on epidemic prevention, only in the relevant health law on epidemic prevention matters have been regulated. Since modern times, the causes and characteristics of epidemic diseases have become more complex, which makes the work of epidemic prevention more difficult. With the deepening of modernization, western scientific ideas of epidemic prevention have been introduced into China, giving birth to modern epidemic prevention legislation.
The second part of the text summarizes the contents of the legislation on health and epidemic prevention of the Nanjing National Government.During the period of the National Government, the government adopted positive attitude and measures to deal with the prevention and control of epidemic diseases, accelerated the national epidemic prevention construction and formulated systematic laws and regulations on health and epidemic prevention. During this period, the government enacted centralized legislation, formulated and promulgated a series of legal norms on health and epidemic prevention, and specified in detail all aspects of epidemic prevention and control. Second, from 1938 to 1948, during the period from the Anti-Japanese War to the end of the Nanjing National Government, the period was promulgated because of the turbulence of the current situation, the continuous war and the relatively slow down of legislation. Compared with the previous legislation, the health and epidemic prevention legislation during the period of Nanjing National Government strengthened the local epidemic prevention construction, refined the scope of epidemic prevention and epidemic prevention measures, and the operability of the law was stronger. With the implementation of the law, the National Government has established a systematic epidemic prevention network and deepened and improved the legal system of health and epidemic prevention.
The third part mainly studies the effect of legislation and the effect of law implementation, and analyzes the reference value of health and epidemic prevention legislation in Nanjing National Government period to contemporary legislation. On the other hand, the slow economic development, constant wars, backward medical treatment and natural disasters greatly restricted the implementation and implementation of the law. The establishment of an independent health and epidemic prevention system has effectively exerted the effectiveness of the law and promoted the implementation of the law; the state judicial power punishes illegal acts and for the first time establishes the compulsory force of the epidemic prevention law; health publicity has been incorporated into the legal provisions to effectively improve health. The popularization of knowledge and epidemic prevention thought.
【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D929;D922.16

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