贡斯当自由主义思想探析

发布时间：2018-08-19 10:19

【摘要】：邦雅曼·贡斯当在西方自由主义思想谱系中占据着重要地位。他的自由主义思想直接继承了洛克和孟德斯鸠的思想传统，带有强烈的英国式自由主义的色彩。贡斯当的思想特点不同于法国传统的唯理主义，而体现出一种审慎的经验主义倾向，这种思想特点是与贡斯当所处的时代背景有关的。十八世纪末爆发的法国大革命是一次对人类政治文明进程产生深远影响的大事件，革命产生的社会效应伴随着贡斯当整个一生，引起了他对革命的深刻反思。大革命的失败经验证明了构建理性在应对政治传统崩溃、重构政治模式方面的无能，政治的乌托邦主义不但不能现实地建立起理性秩序，反而造成了政治社会的惨痛灾难。因而，贡斯当意识到研究政治事务不能再采取抽象理性主义这条路径，而是应该从现实和传统中去寻找制度的依据。贡斯当自由主义思想的成型与其对法国社会历史的深刻反思存在着必然关联，他认为大革命在摧毁旧制度这一方面取得了胜利，推动了人类政治文明的进步，然而革命在随后的发展过程中违背了自由的初衷，本来一场意在建立自由秩序的轰轰烈烈的大革命却走向了自由的反面。贡斯当认为，以卢梭为首的启蒙思想家为革命时期的政治建设提供了理论指导，因而也应该对革命中出现的“多数人的暴政”负责。在他看来，卢梭思想暴露了大革命背后的深层理论危机，卢梭式的政治模式成为革命期间践踏人权、侵害自由的罪魁祸首，因此贡斯当对卢梭的人民主权理论进行了批驳。此外，贡斯当还意识到卢梭思想所存在的危险不仅仅体现在政治制度层面，而且在哲学层面也体现出一种对自由本体的误识。卢梭思想以及其所指导的革命实践都未能意识到“古代人的自由”与“现代人的自由”的差异，未能界定现代意义上的自由的内涵，自由反而在它们这里发生了一次时代的错位。因此，贡斯当认为有必要厘清两种自由之间的关系，从而提出了现代自由理念，对现代社会中个人所应该享有的真正自由作了概念揭示。最后，，贡斯当还必须面对这样一个问题，即建立何种政治制度才能有效地保护现代人的自由。贡斯当从起源于中世纪并被当时英国沿用的代议制度中找到了答案，认为代议制适应时代的发展，并具有能扼制专横权力的优点，因此是保护现代人的自由的最佳政制方案。
[Abstract]:Benjamin Gunstang occupies an important position in the genealogy of western liberalism. His liberalism directly inherits the tradition of Locke and Montesquieu, and has a strong British style of liberalism. The ideological characteristics of Gunstang are different from the traditional rationalism in France, but reflect a prudent empiricism tendency, which is related to the background of the era in which Gunstang lives. The French Revolution which broke out at the end of the eighteenth century was a great event which had a profound influence on the progress of human political civilization. The social effect of the revolution accompanied by the whole life of Gunzdang caused his profound reflection on the revolution. The failure experience of the Great Revolution has proved that the construction of rationality is incompetent in coping with the collapse of political tradition and reconstructing the political model. Instead of realistically establishing rational order, Utopianism in politics has caused a tragic disaster in political society. Therefore, he realized that the study of political affairs can no longer take the path of abstract rationalism, but should look for the basis of the system from reality and tradition. The formation of Gunstein's liberalism thought had a certain connection with his profound reflection on the history of French society. He believed that the Great Revolution had achieved victory in destroying the old system and had promoted the progress of human political civilization. However, the revolution went against the original intention of freedom in the course of its subsequent development, and a vigorous revolution aimed at the establishment of a free order turned to the opposite side of freedom. Gunstang believed that the enlightenment thinkers led by Rousseau provided theoretical guidance for the political construction in the revolutionary period, and therefore should be responsible for the "tyranny of the majority" that appeared in the revolution. In his view, Rousseau's thought exposed the deep theoretical crisis behind the Great Revolution, and Rousseau's political model became the chief culprit for trampling on human rights and infringing on freedom during the revolution, so Gunstom criticized Rousseau's theory of people's sovereignty. In addition, Gunstein realized that the danger of Rousseau's thought lies not only in the political system, but also in the philosophical level. Rousseau's thought and his revolutionary practice failed to realize the difference between "freedom of ancient people" and "freedom of modern man", and failed to define the connotation of freedom in modern sense. Freedom, on the contrary, has caused a mismatch of the times here. Therefore, Gunstein thinks it is necessary to clarify the relationship between the two kinds of freedom, and thus puts forward the modern concept of freedom, and reveals the real freedom that the individual should enjoy in the modern society. Finally, Gunstein had to face the question of what kind of political system could be established to effectively protect the freedom of modern people. Gunstein found the answer from the representative system which originated in the Middle Ages and was used in England at that time. He thought that the representative system was the best way to protect the freedom of modern people because it adapted to the development of the times and had the advantage of restraining the arbitrary power.
【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D909.1

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