美国国际储备配额制度在WTO框架下的合法性探讨—兼论中国的应对之策
发布时间：2018-10-26 13:26
【摘要】：进入21世纪以来,随着全球变暖趋势的进一步加大,恶劣自然灾害的不断涌现,环境问题史无前例地成为高悬于人类头顶的达摩克利斯之剑。虽国际社会积极应对气候变化并取得了原则性和阶段性的成果,但由于发达国家和发展中国家不同的利益诉求导致的立场分歧,关键的减排责任分配问题一直悬而未决。随着《京都议定书》一期减排任务的到期,全球新一轮减排责任分配即将重新洗牌。 在此背景下,美国众议院于2009年6月通过了《清洁能源与安全法案》,提出了总量限制交易为核心的温室气体调控方法。该调控并非仅针对国内企业,还对进口产品提出了要求,即国际储备配额制度。该制度要求2020年1月1日之后进入美国关税领域的覆盖产品购买和提交一定数量的配额。由于多边贸易体制下一国的贸易管制措施应当与WTO规则相一致,这项对于发展中国家尤其是我国而言打击性甚大的制度在WTO框架下的合法性问题非常值得探讨。 本文共分五个部分：第一部分关注环境保护与自由贸易冲突下的国际储备配额制度,首先介绍该制度的产生背景、主要内容与设计目的,并对其特征进行了简要分析,其次由国际储备配额制度引出环境保护与自由贸易的冲突,并分析了产生冲突的根源,由此引出第二部分关于国际储备配额制度与多边贸易体制的关系分析；第二部分首先通过介绍WTO在环境保护问题上的发展历程来表明WTO对于环境保护的立场,其次强调WTO与UNEP的联合报告不能作为国际储备配额制度的合法依据,最后提出国际储备配额制度应当符合WTO规则,从而引出第三、第四部分的分析；第三部分主要将国际储备配额制度与GATT一般义务进行比对,得出其不能符合GATT一般义务的结论,由此进入第四部分的分析；第四部分先后分析国际储备配额制度能否符合GATT第20条子条款和引言部分的要求,以此考察该制度能否满足GATT第20条一般例外条款的豁免条件；第五部分则立足以上分析,提出中国应当如何应对美国国际储备配额制度。
[Abstract]:Since the beginning of the 21st century, with the increasing trend of global warming and the continuous emergence of severe natural disasters, environmental problems have become the sword of Damocles hanging above the human head in an unprecedented way. Although the international community has actively dealt with climate change and achieved principled and phased results, due to different interests of developed and developing countries, the key issue of the allocation of responsibility for emission reduction has been unresolved. With the expiration of the Kyoto Protocol, a new round of global emissions reduction responsibilities will be reshuffled. In this context, the US House of Representatives passed the Clean Energy and Security Act in June 2009, and proposed a greenhouse gas regulation method with the transaction of total limitation as the core. This regulation not only for domestic enterprises, but also for imported products, that is, the international reserve quota system. The system requires the purchase and submission of quotas for covered products entering the United States tariff area after January 1, 2020. Since the trade control measures of a country under the multilateral trading system should be consistent with the WTO rules, the legitimacy of the system, which is highly offensive to developing countries, especially China, under the framework of WTO, is worth discussing. This paper is divided into five parts: the first part focuses on the international reserve quota system under the conflict of environmental protection and free trade. Firstly, it introduces the background, main content and design purpose of the system, and analyzes its characteristics briefly. Secondly, the conflict between environmental protection and free trade is brought out by the international reserve quota system, and the source of the conflict is analyzed. The second part is about the relationship between the international reserve quota system and the multilateral trading system. The second part firstly introduces the development of WTO on environmental protection to show the position of WTO on environmental protection, and then emphasizes that the joint report of WTO and UNEP cannot be regarded as the legal basis of international reserve quota system. Finally, the author puts forward that the international reserve quota system should conform to the WTO rules, which leads to the analysis of the third part and the fourth part. The third part mainly compares the international reserve quota system with the general obligation of GATT, and draws the conclusion that it can not accord with the general obligation of GATT, and thus enters the analysis of the fourth part. The fourth part analyzes whether the international reserve quota system can meet the requirements of Article 20 of GATT and the introduction part, so as to see if the system can meet the exemption conditions of the general exception clause of Article 20 of GATT. The fifth part is based on the above analysis, and puts forward how China should deal with the American international reserve quota system.
【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D971.2;D996.1
本文编号：2295863
[Abstract]:Since the beginning of the 21st century, with the increasing trend of global warming and the continuous emergence of severe natural disasters, environmental problems have become the sword of Damocles hanging above the human head in an unprecedented way. Although the international community has actively dealt with climate change and achieved principled and phased results, due to different interests of developed and developing countries, the key issue of the allocation of responsibility for emission reduction has been unresolved. With the expiration of the Kyoto Protocol, a new round of global emissions reduction responsibilities will be reshuffled. In this context, the US House of Representatives passed the Clean Energy and Security Act in June 2009, and proposed a greenhouse gas regulation method with the transaction of total limitation as the core. This regulation not only for domestic enterprises, but also for imported products, that is, the international reserve quota system. The system requires the purchase and submission of quotas for covered products entering the United States tariff area after January 1, 2020. Since the trade control measures of a country under the multilateral trading system should be consistent with the WTO rules, the legitimacy of the system, which is highly offensive to developing countries, especially China, under the framework of WTO, is worth discussing. This paper is divided into five parts: the first part focuses on the international reserve quota system under the conflict of environmental protection and free trade. Firstly, it introduces the background, main content and design purpose of the system, and analyzes its characteristics briefly. Secondly, the conflict between environmental protection and free trade is brought out by the international reserve quota system, and the source of the conflict is analyzed. The second part is about the relationship between the international reserve quota system and the multilateral trading system. The second part firstly introduces the development of WTO on environmental protection to show the position of WTO on environmental protection, and then emphasizes that the joint report of WTO and UNEP cannot be regarded as the legal basis of international reserve quota system. Finally, the author puts forward that the international reserve quota system should conform to the WTO rules, which leads to the analysis of the third part and the fourth part. The third part mainly compares the international reserve quota system with the general obligation of GATT, and draws the conclusion that it can not accord with the general obligation of GATT, and thus enters the analysis of the fourth part. The fourth part analyzes whether the international reserve quota system can meet the requirements of Article 20 of GATT and the introduction part, so as to see if the system can meet the exemption conditions of the general exception clause of Article 20 of GATT. The fifth part is based on the above analysis, and puts forward how China should deal with the American international reserve quota system.
【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D971.2;D996.1
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